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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A naturally occurring solid chemical element with a distinct composition and a crystalline structure is a(n) ________.
A.mineral B. sediment C. horizon D. rock E. organic nutrient |
A. mineral
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Minerals are components of ________.
A.organic components of the Earth's crust B. the lithosphere C. the troposphere D. soil horizons E. sedimentary rocks |
B. the lithosphere
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If a mineral is opaque, lustrous, malleable and can conduct heat and electricity, it is a(n) ________.
A. crystal B. metal C. gemstone D. element E. radioactive element |
B. metal
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Smelting of iron ore involves ________.
A. oxidizing iron to ferric oxide and then adding silicon and boron B. washing the ore with acid to extract iron C. crushing and heating the ore at its melting point D. dissolving the ore in hot water to separate iron and aluminum E. heating beyond iron's melting point and combining the material with carbon |
E. heating beyond iron's melting point and combining the material with carbon
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Examples of valuable nonmetallic minerals extracted by mining are ________.
A.nitrogen, hydrogen, neon B. gold, platinum, copper C. lead, cadmium, mercury D. sand, gravel, phosphate E. radon, radium, sodium |
D. sand, gravel, phosphate
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Most coltan ore is mined in ________, but purified and marketed in ________.
A.the U.S.; Europe B. Canada ; the U.S. C. South America ; South Africa D. South Africa ; Congo E. Congo ; developed nations in North America and Europe |
E. Congo ; developed nations in North America and Europe
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The focus of the 2001 enquiry of the U.N. General Assembly into coltan mining in Congo was ________.
A. allowing more western nations to benefit from the importation of coltan B.diverting 30% of the profits from coltan into U.N. agencies like USESCO and FAO C. environmental and social justice for the Congolese D. controlling the high price of the ore charged by the Congolese government E. stopping the mining and sale of coltan to western nations |
C. environmental and social justice for the Congolese
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Tantalum from African coltan is used primarily for the manufacture of ________.
A. plastics B. electronics: cell phones, computers, digital cameras C. pesticides, fertilizers and biodiesel fuel D. high quality steel E. aerospace engines and aircraft hulls |
B. electronics: cell phones, computers, digital cameras
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Subsurface mining is used extensively in the extraction of ________.
A.organic soils for landscaping B. oil sands C. coltan D. limestone, natural gas, peat E. coal, phosphate, diamonds, gold |
E. coal, phosphate, diamonds, gold
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Heavy landscape damage and water pollution have occurred in ________ as a result of ________.
A.Florida; open pit mining of limestone B. San Francisco; placer mining for gold C. Mississippi; strip mining for uranium D. Canada; subsurface mining for oil sands E. Appalachia; mountaintop removal mining for coal |
E. Appalachia; mountaintop removal mining for coal
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As in the mining of coltan in Congo, coal mining in Appalachia has produced issues of ________.
A.industrial smog B. economic prosperity for local residents, but high prices for everyone else C. environmental damage and social and economic injustice D. job losses, air pollution E. black market activity for stolen and poached minerals |
C. environmental damage and social and economic injustice
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The U.S. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires ________.
A.all mined minerals to be processed and sold only within the U.S. B. 20% of sales revenues to be donated to national park maintenance C. restoration of the identical ecosystem and biodiversity present before mining began D. no remediation of water pollution, except in the case of uranium mining E. mining companies to post bonds to cover restoration of mined areas before permits are granted |
E. mining companies to post bonds to cover restoration of mined areas before permits are granted
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The U.S. General Mining Act of 1872, although encouraging of the domestic mining industry, also ________.
A.opens mining rights to foreign nations which stake claims on U.S. land B. has allowed mining in urban centers with with dense commercial development C. makes mining unprofitable except for the largest corporations D. gives away resources located on public land almost for free and is subject to fraudulent claims E. has pollution and remediation clauses that are too strict |
D. gives away resources located on public land almost for free and is subject to fraudulent claims
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Many types of mining, such as for coal and copper, produce a specific type of water pollution called ________.
A.radon gas B. suspended limestone particles C. eutrophication D. chlorinated pesticides E. acid drainage |
E. acid drainage
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A new process for removing heavy metals and acid sulfate pollution from mine leachate water is ________.
A.surface impoundments B. deep-well injection C. sulfate-reducing bacteria D. filtration and sedimentation E. treatment with chlorine or ozone |
C. sulfate-reducing bacteria
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A. Mineral extraction by removing 100 vertical meters from hill and mountain tops
B. excavating a giant hole in the landscape to remove widely spread mineral deposits C. sifting through sand and silt in riverbed for minerals using a sluice with running water D. tunneling deep underground to extract minerals E. surface layers are removed to expose and extract horizontal mineral deposits F. Re-establishment of land contours and vegetation in a mined area - subsurface mining, mountaintop removal mining, placer mining, strip mining, open pit mining, prospecting, solution mining, ecological mining, reclamation |
A. mountaintop removal mining
B. open pit mining C. placer mining D. subsurface mining E. Strip mining F. Reclamation |
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The dwindling supplies of rare strategic metals such as indium, tantalum, and platinum may be extended if we rigorously ________.
A. relax environmental requirements for mining B. recycle existing supplies C. reduce demands for social and economic justice D. scour the earth for new deposits E. increase demand for the products in which they are used |
B. recycle existing supplies
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In 2010, geologists from the U.S. military discovered nearly $1 trillion worth of minerals in ________.
A. Viet Nam B. Peru C. Afghanistan D. Iraq E. Nevada |
C. afghanistan
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Sustainable minerals use and longer projected lifetimes for scarce minerals can be achieved with all of the following, except ________.
A.finding more available substitutes for scarce minerals B. exploring for new reserves C. recycling D. increasing demand and lowering prices for products using these minerals E. researching more efficient and environmentally friendly techniques of extraction |
D. increasing demand and lowering prices for products using these minerals
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The relationship between recycling, economics, and energy consumption is demonstrated in the case of aluminum, where ________.
A.new cheap mining technologies and huge newly discovered aluminum deposits have made recycling unprofitable B. all of the metal recycling industries inn the U.S. went bankrupt by 2009 C. It costs more than ten times as much to produce items from recycled aluminum than from virgin ore D. the U.S. failure to recycle aluminum has caused energy to be lost in mining new ore E. 95% of the energy expended to mine and produce items from virgin ore is saved by recycling |
E. 95% of the energy expended to mine and produce items from virgin ore is saved by recycling
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The newest bonanza for recycling scarce and toxic metals is to recover them from ________.
A.construction dump sites B. car batteries C. landfills from the 1960s D. compact discs, LPs and 8-track tapes E. e-wastes |
E. e-wastes
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As far as costs of restoration and reclamation of mining sites you recommend ________.
A.any corporation wishing to invest should post a bond for reclamation and hire Afghans to do the work B.the Afghan central government should take responsibility C. The costs should be shared by the Afghan central government and also by the most powerful tribal leaders D. the U.S. military should take responsibility E. the U.S. EPA should oversee the operation and pay for it |
A.any corporation wishing to invest should post a bond for reclamation and hire Afghans to do the work
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Most of the miners are likely to be local villagers supervised by Afghan mining engineers. Compensation for workers should be _____
A.whatever gives the greatest corporate profit for the employer B. giving the money to village leaders and local tribal leaders to determine C. whatever the Afghan central government, in cooperation with national tribal leaders decides D. the same rate at which U.S. miners are paid E. at or above the local Afghan wage with the corporate employer guaranteeing food, adequate housing, medical care and security |
E. at or above the local Afghan wage with the corporate employer guaranteeing food, adequate housing, medical care and security
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As far as the share of corporate profits from mineral sales goes, the cut for the Afghans should be _______
A.determined by the corporate interests doing the mining B. left to negotiations between the corporate miners and the U.S. military C. set by the U.S. Dept. of Labor D. a guaranteed percentage, suggested by Council, and provided to the Afghan central government with advice about spending a designated amount for national infrastructure. E. worked out between the Afghan government and tribal leaders |
D. a guaranteed percentage, suggested by Council, and provided to the Afghan central government with advice about spending a designated amount for national infrastructure.
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All of the following could be sensible appointments for the U.N. Council, except perhaps ___
A.representatives of banking, marketing and corporate law from developed nations B. experts in environmental and social justice from the Arab League of Nations C. mining engineers from Afghanistan and neighboring nations D. regional economists without corporate ties E. mining corporation engineers, university geologists from developed nations |
A.representatives of banking, marketing and corporate law from developed nations
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A useful benefit from mining profits could be ____
A.creation of improved roads into and around mining sites for corporate transport and mining machinery B. permanent enclaves of foreign scientists and mine managers located near mining sites C. using the U.S. military to provide security at mines D. establishing high-end tourist hotels for visiting foreign mine executives and their families E. training for Afghan mining technicians and establishing Afghan mining institutes |
E. training for Afghan mining technicians and establishing Afghan mining institutes
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