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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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tolerance |
decreased effectiveness (or potency) of a drug that results from repeated administration, or as the necessity of increasing the dose of a drug in order to maintain its effectiveness after repeated administration |
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acute tolerance |
blood level of drug is greater during absorption phase than during elimination phase e.g. alcohol |
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cross tolerance |
tolerance to one drug diminishing the effect of another drug |
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pharmacokinetic tolerance |
the increased ability/rate of the body to metabolize the drug - results in fewer drug molecules reaching SOA - a result of enzyme induction - more enzymes secreted as a result of repeated drug administration, over time drug will not reach same peak due to increased metabolism via enzymes - increased x tolerance w other drugs metabolized by same enzyme |
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pharmacodynamic tolerance (physiological) |
tolerance than arises from homeostasis - thermostat of the body - upregulation (during inhibition) and downregulation (during induction) of neurotransmitter receptors - body gets better at restoring to normal functioning after repeated administration of drug |
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functional disturbances |
tolerance of a drug can develop in situations where the stimuli that is being inhibited by drug is presented - if drug places a demand on an organisms homeostatic mechanisms, tolerance will to drug effects will be displayed |
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behavioral tolerance |
during experience with a drug, an organism can learn to decrease the effect that the drug is having |
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withdrawal symptoms |
physiological changes that occur when drug use is stopped or the dosage is decreased |
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cross dependence |
drugs from one family can stop withdrawal from another drug in that family |
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dependence |
a state in which withdrawal symptoms will occur when the drug use stops - this does not imply abuse/addiction |
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opponent process theory |
- A process of drug creates euphoria, but B process kicks in and evokes dysphoric (unpleasant) state - withdrawal symptoms are expressions of the compensatory adjustment that homeostatic mechanisms made as a consequence of drug effect |
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acute tolerance explained by opponent process theory |
when you take drug, its effect is greatest until B process builds up, as B gets stronger, A process diminishes |
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sensitization (reverse tolerance) |
when the effect of a drug increases with repeated administration - not as common as tolerance |
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cross sensitization |
sensitization of a drug in one family elicits sensitization of another drug in that family - stress can be sensitizer or other drugs |
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mesolimbic dopamine system |
motor/control area of brain that becomes sensitized - responsible for reinforcing effects of drugs - sensitization of this system an explanation for drug use |
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placebo effect |
feeling effects of drugs as a result of expectation - responsible for therapeutic effect of medications |
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expectation mechanism |
top-down pain relieving pathway from cortex to pain-control center that is capable of blocking pain - is only activated by the expectation of drug effects - this pathway is responsible for placebo effects of pain-relieving drugs |
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reason why desensitization to drugs occur |
- dosage/rate of exposure (all at once or staggered) - psychological (expectancy) - |
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selective tolerance |
one effect of drug has been diminished but another has not - can be selectively tolerant to certain drugs or their side/secondary effects e.g caffeine |
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pharmacodynamic |
functional tolerance - end up needing more drug to elicit the same effects |
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*tachkyphylaxis |
acute tolerance: becoming tolerance after one treatment of drug |
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*cell adaptation theory |
building up tolerance to drug e.g. poison vid clip |
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*down regulation |
occurs during pharmacodynamic tolerance - occurs w toxicity - avoids activation via drug - increased metabolism breaks down drug, so fewer receptors at SOA are required |
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*upregulation |
increases sensitivity of drug |
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*cross tolerance |
tolerance that extend to another drug - drugs must be similar in chemical structure - drugs downregulate transmitters - thresholds exist (1st chip tastes better than 100th) |
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*overdosing in a novel environment |
drug tolerance can be environmental-dependent - usual environment acts as a conditioned stimulus for drug use - body prepares itself (physiological readiness) - body not ready for influx of drug in novel environment - overdose occurs |
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*protracted tolerance |
tolerance that occurs over 2 or more exposures to drug - requires more drug to get the same subjective effect |
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*behavioral tolerance |
- not true tolerance - result of experience - nothing physiological is occurring - reflection of determination |
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*placebo |
a physiological affect in response to no treatment - depends how it is operationalized (placebo can mean many different "treatments") - operationalization of "outcome", how is "getting better" determined |
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*expectancy effects in placebo |
- depends on subjective experiences, beliefs, - participants may say they felt worse post placebo-treatment even if they feel better but expected to feel worse - ambiguity |
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*james lange theory of emotion |
- emotions can be ambiguous, we give names to feelings that are sometimes very different - we interpret physiological symptoms and call them "emotions" - lots of top-down processing here |
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*conditioned responses in Placebo effect |
- presence of a "trigger may elicit conditioned responses - conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response that was previously an unconditioned response - the placebo acts as a conditioned stimulus, elicits |
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*unconditioned stimulus |
the drug |
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*unconditioned response |
drug effect |
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*conditioned stimulus |
placebo |
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*conditioned response |
placebo "effects" |
