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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Difference between sea lions and seals: |
Sea lions: external pinnae, flexible ankle/wrists for walking on land, large flattened fore flippers for swimming, long neck, no fur under fore flippers Seals: no external pinnae, ankle/wrists not flexible (use undulatory motion on land), small fore flippers, hind flippers used for swimming, short neck, fur on entire fore flippers and terminal claws |
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Terrestrial exercise response: |
- Increased ventilation - Increased HR - Increased vasodilation |
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Dive response: |
- Cessation of ventilation (apnea) - Decreased HR - Peripheral vasoconstriction (enable body to preserve heat, deliver oxygen to important organs, such as heart and brain) |
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Adaptations to Breath-hold exercise: |
1. Increased internal oxygen stores 2. Reliance on fatty acid catabolism 3. Increased aerobic capacity 4. Decreased dependence (in periphery) on blood-born oxygen and metabolites |
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Increased internal oxygen stores includes: |
- Hemoglobin - Myoglobin - Cytoglobin - Neuroglobin |
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Underwater animals tend to have an absence of which type of fibre? |
Type IIb, fast glycolytic |
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What physical characteristic of diving animals shows that it has a decreased dependence on blood-born O2 and metabolites? |
Smaller capillary density |
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What are the potential risks associated with vasoconstriction |
1. Reperfusion injury - oxidative damage through oxidative stress - Causes oxidation of molecular oxygen to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals (ROS) - These molecules can cause serious damage to cellular membranes, DNA etc. 2. Mb scavenges nitric oxide (NO) and ROS |
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How do diving animals avoid reperfusion injury? |
They have higher antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione content their tissues |
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Diving mammals use _________ _________ stores in muscle to fuel __________ metabolism during dives |
on-board, oxygen, aerobic |
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There is a large ___________ in diving mammal ________ in comparison to terrestrial counterparts |
increase, Mb |
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Muscle must be ___________ in order to utilize __________________ oxygen |
hypoxic, myogonin-bound oxygen |
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How do lipids contribute to diving animals' larger oxygen storing capacity? |
They play an important role in developing myoglobin stores |
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How is the electron transport chain different in diving animals? |
Hypoxia diminishes ATP production in part by lowering the activity of the electron transport chain through activation of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1. The decrease in electron transport limits the overproduction of reactive oxygen species during hypoxia and slows the rate of oxygen depletion to prevent anoxia |
