Animals Animals Animals

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Transporting Mechanisms

Back 1

1) Exocytosis: materials are exported out of the cell via secretory vesicles.

-lysosomes

-proteasomes

-peroxisomes

2) Endocytosis: active transport in which a cell transports moleculesinto the cell by engulfing them

-pinocytosis

-phagocytosis

-receptor mediated endocytosis

3)Vaults

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Pinocytosis

Back 2

-colostrum absorption

-proteins being engulfed by membrane to migrate through cell

-vital for health of neonatal 24hr calves, to get antibodies from mum via milk into gut without being broken down straight into immune system/blood

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Microtubules

Back 3

-transport of secretary vesicles

-movement of cilia and flagella

-mitotic spindles

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Microfilaments

Back 4

-cellular contraction

-mechanical stiffening

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intermediate filaments

Back 5

-nerve axon structure

-hold contractile units in mucle

-waterproof skin

Front 6

Cell to Cell Adhesion

Back 6

>Extracellular Matrix

>Desmosomes

>Tight Junctions

>Gap junctions

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Membrane Structure and Composition

Back 7

-Phospholipid molecules:polar head/non polar tail

-self assembling lipid bilayer

-membrane proteins and carbohyrdrates

Front 8

Membrane Carbohydrates

Back 8

-glycoproteins/glycolipids

-recognition of self

-tissue growth

Front 9

Membrane proteins

Back 9

Channels:ion specific

-carrier molecules

-receptor sites

-glycoproteins

-membrane bound enzyme

-docking marker acceptors:secretion

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Ficks Law of Diffusion

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(Concentration gradient x permiability x surface area) divided by (molecular weight x membrane thickness)

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Graded Potentials

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>Trigger events

-specialised nerve endings

-change in electrical field

-chemical messengers

-imbalance of ion pumps

This causes channels to open and let Na in which causes rmp to rise up and activate action potential

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Afferent Nerves

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-carries nerve impulses from sensory receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system.

Front 13

Efferent Nerves

Back 13

-sends impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs

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Protection of the CNS

Back 14

-Cranium/spinal column (phys protection)

-Meninges (separates cns from rest of body and filters blood coming into brain)

-blood brain barrier

-cerebrospinal fluid

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Somatic Nervous System

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-part of the peripheral nervous system associated with skeletal muscle voluntary control of body movements.

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Autonomic Nervous System

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-the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

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parasympathetic system

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-rest and digest system, the parasympathetic system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.

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sympathetic system

Back 18

-primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response.

-It is, however, constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis.

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Rate of adaptation

-tonic receptors

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A tonic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus and continues to produce action potentials over the duration of the stimulus

Front 20

Rate of adaptation

-phasic receptors

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A phasic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts rapidly to a stimulus.

Front 21

Receptor field size

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The receptive field of an individual sensory neuron is the particular region of the sensory space (e.g., the body surface, or the visual field) in which a stimulus will trigger the firing of that neuron.

-teeth (greatest acuity in most animals)

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Lateral Inhibition

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-lateral inhibition is the capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors.

-disables the spreading of action potentials from excited neurons to neighboring neurons in the lateral direction.

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Botulism

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-Bone chewing (phosophorus deficiency)

-bones contain toxin>flaccid paralysis

-blocks release of acetlycholine

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Organophosphate poisoning

Back 24

-blocks acetylcholinesterase

-drooling, tremors, breathing difficulties

Front 25

Types of Muscle

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Skeletal: striated, voluntary

Cardiac: striated, involuntary

Smooth: unstriated, involuntary

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Skeletal Muscle Structure

Back 26

muscle

tendon

muscle fibres

-nucleus, sarcolemma, sarcoplasma

myofibrils

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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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specialized type of smooth ER that regulates the calcium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells.

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Sarcolemma

Back 28

the fine transparent tubular sheath which envelops the fibres of skeletal muscles.

Front 29

Myofibrils

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any of the elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells. 'sarcomere'

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Sarcomere

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A sarcomere is the basic unit of striated muscle tissue.

composed of thick and thin filaments

Muscles contract when sarcomeres shorten.

Front 31

Myofibril:summary

Back 31

-electrical signals from the brain travel through the nervous system to the muscle

-calcium is released inside the muscle cell and binds to troponin C

-actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, causing the muscles to contract

-atp provides the energy for this process to occur

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muscle filaments

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composed of both

myosin- a thick filament

actin-thin filament

Muscle contraction occurs when these filaments slide over one another in a series of repetitive events.

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Twitch Summation

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If a skeletal muscle is stimulated and a second stimulus is applied before relaxation is complete, a second contraction, which develops a greater tension, is fused to the first contraction.

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tetanus

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the prolonged contraction of a muscle caused by rapidly repeated stimuli.