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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychopathology
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disorder of the mind
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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a handbook of clinical disorders used for diagnosing psychopathology
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Multi-Axial System
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the system used in the DSM that provides assessment along five axes describing important mental health factors
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Axis I
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clinical disorders (schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sexual/gender disorders, sleep disorders, eating disorders)
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Axis II
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mental retardation and personality disorders
(together because they last a lifetime usually with no expectation of change) |
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Axis III
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medical conditions related to mental disorders (cancer, epilepsy, obesity, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's)
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Axis IV
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psychosocial and environmental problems that may affect diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis (unemployment, divorce, legal problems...)
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Axis V
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global assessment of functioning (social, psychological, occupational). rated 1-100, 1=danger, 100= superior functioning
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Assessment
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examination of a person's mental state in order to diagnose possible mental illness
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Prognosis
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course and probable outcome
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
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multi-personality disorder - 2 or more distinct identities in same individual
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Family Systems Model
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a diagnostic model that considers symptoms within an individual as indicating problems within the family
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Sociocultural Model
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a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures
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Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
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a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of the learned, maladaptive cognitions
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Diathesis Stress Model
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a diagnostic model that proposes a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event
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Anxiety Disorders
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characterized by the experience of excessive anxiety in the absence of true danger
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Phobia
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an irrational fear of a specific object or situation
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Specific Phobias
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involve particular objects and situations (phobia)
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Social Phobia
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fear of being negatively evaluated by others
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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a diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event
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Panic Disorder
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an anxiety disorder characterized by sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror
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Agoraphobia
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an anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations in which escape may be difficult or impossible
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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anxiety disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions
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Obsessions
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in OCD: recurrent, intrusive, unwanted thoughts, ideas, or images
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Compulsions
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in OCD: acts one must do repeatedly
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Mood Disorders
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reflect extreme emotions
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Major Depression
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characterized by severe negative moods and alack of interest in normally pleasurable activities
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Dysthymia
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a form of depression that is not severe enough to be major depression
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Bipolar Disorder
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a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania
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Mania
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elevated mood, increased activity, diminished need for sleep, grandiose ideas (bipolar I)
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Hypermanic Episodes
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heightened creativity and productivity that are pleasurable and rewarding (bipolar II)
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Cyclothymia
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a less extreme form of bipolar
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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
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periods of depression occur during the times of the year with less sunlight
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Learned Helplessness Model
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a cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events around them
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Schizophrenia
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a mental disorder with alterations in perceptions, emotions, thoughts, or consciousness
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Paranoid (schizophrenia)
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delusions, auditory hallucinations, little or no disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or inappropriate or flat affect
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Disorganized (schizophrenia)
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disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and inappropriate or flat affect; not catatonic, sometimes delusions and hallucinations
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Catatonic (schizophrenia)
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two of:
- motor immobility - purposeless excessive motor activity - extreme negativism - mutism |
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Undifferentiated Type (schizophrenia)
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none of the above (paranoid, disorganized, catatonic) symptoms, but still schizophrenic
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Residual (schizophrenia)
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schizophrenic in past, more normal now, minor symptoms (positive)
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Positive Symptoms (schizophrenia)
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delusions and hallucinations that are excesses in behavior
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Negative Symptoms (schizophrenia)
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deficits in functioning such as apathy, lack of emotion, slowed speech and movement
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Delusions
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false personal beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality
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Persecution (Delusions and Associated Beliefs)
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belief that others are persecuting, spying on, or trying to harm them
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Reference (Delusions and Associated Beliefs)
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belief that objects, events, or people have significance to them
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Grandeur (Delusions and Associated Beliefs)
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belief in great power, knowledge or talent
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Identity (Delusions and Associated Beliefs)
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belief in being someone else (Jesus, president, etc)
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Guilt (Delusions and Associated Beliefs)
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belief that they committed a terrible sin
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Control (Delusions and Associated Beliefs)
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being controlled by external forces
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Hallucinations
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false sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source
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Loosening of Associations
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a speech pattern among schizophrenic patients in which their thoughts are disorganized or meaningless
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Echolalia
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mindlessly repeat back words they hear
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Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (Axis I)
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a disorder characterized by restless, inattentive and impulsive behaviors
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Autism (Axis I)
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a developmental disorder involving deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and restricted interests
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Elimination Disorders (Axis I)
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the repeated passing of feces or urination in inappropriate places by children from whom continence should be expected
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Learning Disorders (Axis I)
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low performance in reading, math, or written expression with regard to what is expected for age, amount of education, and intelligence
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Mental Retardation (Axis II)
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below average IQ (<70) and limited adaptive functioning before age 18
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Rumination Disorder (Axis I)
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repeated regurgitation and re-chewing of partially digested food
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Selective Mutism (Axis I)
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failure to speak in certain social situations, despite the ability to speak in others
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Tourette's Disorder (Axis I)
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recurrent motor and vocal tics that cause marked distress or impairment and are not related to a general medical condition
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Personality Disorder
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a class of mental disorders marked by inflexible and maladaptive ways of interacting with the world
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Paranoid Personality Disorder (Odd or Eccentric Behavior)
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tense, guarded, suspicious; holds grudges
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Schizoid Personality Disorder (Odd or Eccentric Behavior)
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socially isolated, with restricted emotional expression
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder (Odd or Eccentric Behavior)
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peculiarities of thought, appearance, and behavior that are disconcerting to others; emotionally detached and isolated
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Histrionic Personality Disorder (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behavior)
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seductive behavior; needs immediate gratification and constant reassurance; rapidly changing moods; shallow emotions
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behavior)
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self-absorbed; expects special treatment and adulation; envious of attention to others
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Borderline Personality Disorder (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behavior)
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characterized by identity, affective, and impulse disturbances
-cannot stand to be alone; intense, unstable moods and personal relationships; chronic anger; drug and alcohol abuse |
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Antisocial Personality Disorder (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behavior)
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marked by a lack of empathy and remorse - "psychopath"
-manipulative, exploitive, dishonest, disloyal, lacking in guilt; habitually breaks social rules, childhood history of such behavior; often in trouble with the law |
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Avoidant Personality Disorder (Anxious or Fearful Behavior)
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easily hurt and embarrassed; few close friends; sticks to routines to avoid new and possibly stressful experiences
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Dependent Personality Disorder (Anxious or Fearful Behavior)
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wants others to make decisions; needs constant advice and reassurance; fears being abandoned
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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (Anxious or Fearful Behavior)
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Perfectionist; over conscientiousness; indecisive; preoccupied with details; stiff; unable to express affection
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Psychotherapy
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the genetic name given to formal psychological treatment
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Biological Therapy
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treatment based on the medical approach to illness and disease
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Psychopharmacology
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the use of medication that affect brain or bodily functions
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Psychoanalysis
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Sigmund Freud's idea that uncovering feelings and drives gives rise to maladaptive thoughts and behaviors
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Free Association
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when patient says whatever comes to mind
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Dream Analysis
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therapist interprets hidden meanings of dreams
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Insight
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a goal of some types of therapy; a patient's understanding of his or her own psychological processes
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Psychodynamic Approach
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adaptations to Freud's original ideas of talking problems out
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Client-Centered Therapy
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an emphatic approach to therapy that encourages personal growth through greater self-understanding (Carl Rogers)
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Reflective Listening
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therapist repeats client's concerns in order to help person clarify their feelings
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Motivational Interviewing
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valuable treatment for drug and alcohol
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Behavior Modification
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treatment in which principles of operant conditioning are used to reinforce desired behaviors and ignore or punish unwanted behaviors
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Social-Skills Training
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effective way to elicit desired behavior
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Modeling
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when therapist acts out appropriate behavior
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Interpersonal Behavior
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integrates insight therapy with behavioral therapy which focuses on relationships that the patient attempts to avoid
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Exposure
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a behavioral therapy technique that involves repeated exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus or situation
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Systematic Desensitization
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an exposure technique that pairs the anxiety-producing stimulus with relaxation techniques
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Cognitive Therapy
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treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions
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Cognitive Restructuring
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a therapy that strives to help patients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality
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Rational-Emotive Therapy
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therapists act as teachers who explain and demonstrate more adaptive ways of thinking and behaving
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
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a therapy that incorporates techniques from behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors
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Systems Approach
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an individual is part of a larger context and any change in individual behavior will affect the whole system
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Expressed Emotion
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a pattern of interactions that includes emotional over-involvement, critical comments, and hostility directed toward a patient by family members
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Psychotropic Medications
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drugs that affect mental processes
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Anti-Anxiety Drugs
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a class of psychotropic medication that is used for the treatment of anxiety (tranquilizers)
- reduce anxiety - promote relaxation - induce drowsiness - highly addictive |
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Antidepressants
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a class of psychotropic meds that is used to treat depression
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Monoamine Oxidase
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enzyme that converts serotonin into another chemical form
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MAO inhibitors
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category of antidepressants that inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase (more serotonin is then available in the synapse)
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Tricyclic Antidepressants
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category of antidepressants that inhibit the reuptake of a number of different neurotransmitters
(more of each NT in synapse) |
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
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category of antidepressants that prolong the effects of serotonin in the synapse (Prozac)
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Antipsychotics
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aka neuroleptics - class of drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis
- reduce delusions and hallucinations - bind to dopamine receptors without activating, so blocks the effects of dopamine |
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Tardive Dyskinesia
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involuntary twitching of muscles, especially in the neck and face
- a side effect of antipsychotics - irreversible |
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Clozapine
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new antipsychotic that acts on dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine and histamine receptors; very effective, not as safe as some though
- affects both the positive and negative effects of schizophrenia - does not produce tardive dyskinesia |
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Lithium
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most effective treatment for bipolar disorder; neural mechanisms are unknown
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Anticonvulsants
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used to regulated moods in bipolar disorder
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Catharsis
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coined by Aristotle - way certain messages evoke powerful emotional reactions and subsequent relief
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Clinical Psychologists
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doctoral degree (PhD) - emphasizes research design and analysis - may work in academic or hospital settings (research and treatment)
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Psychiatrists
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M.D. - hospitals or private practice - only mental health practitioners who prescribe medication
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Psychiatric Social Workers
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Master's in social work (M.S.W.) with specialized training in healthcare - psychiatric hospitals or at home
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Psychiatric Nurses
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bachelor's in nursing (B.S.N.) and special training for mentally ill
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Counseling Psychologists
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Ph.D. in counseling psychology - deal with problems of adjustment and life stress (not mental illnesses)
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Paraprofessionals
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limited advanced training and work under supervision - may work in crisis intervention, pastoral counseling, or community outreach
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Applied Behavioral Analysis
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treatment for autism - takes 40 hours/week - reinforcement principles - kids gain approximately 20 IQ points versus those who receive no treatment
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Imipramine
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tricyclic antidepressant that prevents panic attacks but does not relieve the anticipatory anxiety
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Clomipramine
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similar to an SSRI - drug of choice for OCD - not true SSRI because it blocks the reuptake of other neurotransmitters
- 40-60% don't improve with these meds - SSRI and dopamine receptor blockers are effective |
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
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procedure used to treat depression that involves administering a strong electrical current to the patient's brain
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
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a procedure that transmits pulses of high-intensity magnetism to the brain
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Chlorpromazine
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major tranquilizer for schizophrenic patients: reduces anxiety, sedates without inducing sleep, and decreases severity and frequency of positive symptoms of schizophrenia
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Haloperidol
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chemically different than chlorpromazine (schizophrenic tranquilizer) but has less of sedating effect
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Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
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a treatment for borderline personality disorder that combines elements of behavioral, cognitive, and psychodynamic approaches
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Treatment of Anti-Social Disorder
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meds often do nothing for the long-term, nor do psychotherapeutic counseling
- best option is behavioral and cognitive therapy that are highly regulated |
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Methylphenidate
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CNS stimulant medication for ADHD (Ritalin)
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