Deviance Final Pt 1

Front 1

strain theory--what are criminal subcultures oriented towards?

Back 1

theft

Front 2

strain theor--what are conflict subcultures oriented towards?

Back 2

fighting

Front 3

strain theory--what are retreatist subcultures oriented towards?

Back 3

drugs

Front 4

Agnew New General Strain Theory (GST)

Back 4

refer to events or conditions that are disliked by an individual that leads to deviance--objective or subjective

1. lose something good

2. receive something bad

3. fail to get something we want

Front 5

objective GST

Back 5

events or conditions which are disliked by most people or at least by most people in a group

Front 6

strains can lead to crime and deviance when:

Back 6

1. are seen as high in magnitude

2. seen as unjust

3. are accomplished by low self control

4. create some pressure or incentive to engage in criminal coping

Front 7

specific strains that are most likely to cause crime

Back 7

1. parental rejection

2. child abuse

3. negative secondary school experiences

4. chronic unemployment

5. criminal victimization

6. discriminating gender and race/ethnicity

Front 8

social learning theories

Back 8

assume people are blank slates and "learn to be criminal/deviant

Front 9

motivation for social learning theories

Back 9

rooted in social relationships

Front 10

macro social learning theories

Back 10

1. social disorganization theory

2. subcultural theory

Front 11

micro social learning theories

Back 11

1. differential association

2.social learning theory

Front 12

differential Association Theory

Back 12

states that once norms favoring crime/deviance exist, learning begins--process

Front 13

4 assumptions of the differential association theory

Back 13

1. learning occurs in small, intimate groups

2. learning includes techniques of committing deviant acts as well as attitudes about deviant behavior (attitudes shift as we grow)

3. persons become deviant bc of an excess of norms favorable to deviant behavior--the more norms we consider good the more likely to be deviant

4. varies in terms of frequency, duration, and priority

Front 14

Akers Social Learning Theory

Back 14

overcomes sutherlands simlicity--people learn definitions favorable or unfavorable to crime through interactions with others.crime is learned through 4 processes

Front 15

4 proccess of learning in Akers social learning theory

Back 15

1. differential association--we seek those who are deviant

2. define as positive or negative

3. imitate those people

4. differential reinforcement--when positive reward system more likely to do again (operant conditioning)

5. individuals engage in crime because of the dif enforcement (+ or -)

Front 16

engaging in deviance vs being a deviant

Back 16

identity

1. behavior is exposed

2. abstract status comes to bear on personal experience (one experiences discrimination or some other form of neg reax for first time as a result of their condition or behavior)

Front 17

7 stages of deviant identity career

Back 17

1. people are caught and publically exposed as deviant

2. people alter their attitudes toward the deviant "retrospective interpretation"

3. development of what Goffman called "spoiled identity"--deviant becomes master status

4. exclusion by "normals" of conventional society

5. inclusion in deviant groups (fine with them if they dont consider you as deviant

6. differential treatment

7. internalize deviant label

Front 18

labeling theory

Back 18

our behavior and identity are strongly influenced by our interaction with S/O--character based on social world. examines the consequences of being labeled deviant

Front 19

looking glass self

Back 19

we are based on social world and how people react to us

1. gestures to us

2. imagine how we appear to them

3. judge how others evaluate us

4. from these judgments we develop a self concept

Front 20

consequences of a label

Back 20

1. may produce self fulfilling prophecy

2. label may change in how we perceive ourselves

3. may change the way individuals, groups, or social institutions interact w us--stigmatized, loss of social bonds, changes in associations, strain from unemployment

4. changes increases likelihood of further deviant behavior

Front 21

primary deviance (LT)

Back 21

behavior we engage in or what others believe. individuals may drift in and out of it, relatively insignificant

Front 22

secondary deviance (LT)

Back 22

changes self conception--interaction

think you committed a deviant act even though you didn't, people see you as deviant.pivotal, central, and engulfing activity to which a person has become committed

Front 23

auxilary traits

Back 23

social preconceptions that people associate with certain statuses

Front 24

preventing and responding to the deviant label

Back 24

1. the repentant deviant--"i'm sorry"

2. sick deviant

3. enemy deviant--"i don't carei'll do it again"

4. cynical deviant

Front 25

accounts

Back 25

people at risk of label deviant usually maintain self image and we use tactics to normalize their behavior

Front 26

vocab of motive

Back 26

used in convo to present legit explanations for their actions

Front 27

Sykes and Marza techniques of neutralization

Back 27

allow us to violate general belief systems and raionalize our behavior either prospectively or retrospectively

1. denial of responsibility

2. denial of injury

3. denial of victim

4. condemnation of the condemers

5. appeal to higher loyalties

Front 28

denial of injury

Back 28

"no harm no foul"

Front 29

denial of victim

Back 29

"this person is in the wrong"

Front 30

condemnation of the condemners

Back 30

"i did it for a good reason, he deserved it"

Front 31

appeal to higher loyalties

Back 31

"i stole but for a good reason"

Front 32

subjective strains

Back 32

events or conditions that are disliked by the particular person or person being examined

Front 33

strain theory

Back 33

how the structural conditions of society shape or influence whether crime occurs within society. motivational and macro theory

Front 34

merton: how is anomie in American society linked to criminal and deviant behavior?

Back 34

1. anomie results from a faulty relationship between goals and legit means of access to them

2. goals: what is the american dream

3. means: do we all have the same legit means

Front 35

merton version strain theory

Back 35

focused on why some groups were more likely to engage in crime and deviance

motivated to commit crim when prevented from achieving success

Front 36

reasons some groups more likely to commit crime and deviance based on strain theory

Back 36

1. belief that everyone is encourage to pursue success--middle class existance--but some lack legit channels]

2. poor parenting

3. disadvantaged schools and neighborhoods

4. discrimination in the job market

Front 37

how does strain lead to crime and behaviors

Back 37

1. achieving goals through illegitimate means

2. reject goals of monetary success and middle class status--substitute them with goals one can achieve

3. hostility towards society--may lead them to emphasizing goals conducive to crime

4. reject cultural norms and engage in crime or other deviant behavior

Front 38

ohlins criticisms of strain theory

Back 38

1. only focused on lower income individuals--self report studies show equal rates of delinquency in middle income family

2. never identified barriers to achievement beyond social class

3. never identified strain beyond monetary success

4. why some strained individuals turn to delinquency while others do not

Front 39

assumptions for social learning theories

Back 39

1. people are not predisposed to committing deviant or criminal acts

2. everything we are is the accumulation of our experiences and associations

Front 40

Akers social learning theory differential reinforcement

Back 40

1. the balance of anticipated or actual rewards and punishments that follow behavior depends on the past

2. individuals engage in crime because of differential reinforcement--positive or negative

Front 41

subculture theory

Back 41

a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviors--same elements of social learning

Front 42

social disorganization theory

Back 42

macro level theory. explain why some areas have higher rates of crime and deivance than other neighborhood. asks how the social structure of neighborhoods affect crime and deviance and how community disorganization cause criminal and/or deviant behavior

Front 43

rejected compositional effect in social disorganization theory

Back 43

1. crime and deviance were not based on who the residents were

2. as immigrants moved in and out of neighborhoods, crime rates remained relatively stable over time

Front 44

suggested contextual effect for social disorganization theory

Back 44

1. crime and deviance were products of the characteristics of the neighborhood

2. certain neighborhood characteristics lead to social disorganization--contributed to more crime and deviance

Front 45

social disorganization theory--juvenile delinquency in urban areas

Back 45

1. higher crime rates in certain parts of chicago

2. rates were stable over time

3. however, immigration and migration changed the demographic composition of these neighborhoods

4. perhaps "traits of neighborhoods" can help to explain crime and delinquency

Front 46

macro social forces for social disorganization theory

Back 46

1. loss of jobs

2. exodus of middle class and upper class

3. breakdown of basic social institutions

4. redlining and public housing

5. lack of available marriage partners

Front 47

social and cultural isolation for social disorganization theory

Back 47

1. lack of contract with mainstream society

2. lack of conventional role models

3. system of values and norms develops--counter to accepted culture of society

4. form of cultural adaptation

Front 48

how to develop a deviant identity

Back 48

1. behavior is exposed

2. abstract status comes to bear on personal experience

Front 49

symbolic interactionism

Back 49

people act toward things based on the meaning of those things have for them, and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation