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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most common disease of pets over the age of 7 years |
Periodontal disease |
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Periodontal disease is... |
Any disease of the dental tissue and surrounding tissur |
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Percentage of dogs and cats over the age of 2 that suffer from periodontal disease |
85% |
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3 levels of supervision |
Immediate Direct Indirect |
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Immediate supervision |
- Veterinarian in charge is within auditory and visual range of the individual performing the task - Licensed VT can induce anesthesia under immediate supervision - unregistered assistants cannot perform tasks in this section |
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Direct |
- Veterinarian in charge is on the premises but not necessarily within auditory or visual range of the individual performing the task - unregistered assistant can place and secure an intravenous catheter, monitor vitals of anesthetized patient, and dental prophy |
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Indirect supervision |
Veterinarian in charge is not on the premises but has left written or verbal instructions and is readily accessible by phone Indirect supervision is illegal in Colorado |
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Common symptoms/complaints of dental issues |
- halitosis - tartar - mouth pain - drooling - dropping food/not eating - swelling on face |
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Technician's Role |
- recognizing signs of dental disease - prophylaxis - procedures that do not alter shape, structure or positional location of teeth i.e. extractions - impressions and molds - charting - radiographs - subgingival root planing - client education and communication |
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PPE |
- gloves - goggles/face mask - mask - scrub top - chair |
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2 tissue types |
Soft tissue - mucosa - gingiva - nerves - muscles Hard or bony tissue - skull - mandible - alveolar bone - teeth |
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Head/face exam should include: |
- symmetry - swelling - head tilt - lips - lymph nodes - note pain or discomfort - palpate bones |
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Skull types |
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Mesaticephalic |
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Mesaticephalic |
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Dolichocephalic |
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Dolichocephalic |
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Brachycephalic |
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Brachycephalic |
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Maxilla includes... |
- incisive and maxillary bones - hard and soft palate - gingiva |
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Mandible includes... |
- lower jaw - temporomandibular joint (TMJ) - mandibular symphysis |
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Hard palate |
- Palatine bone - covered in mucous - membranes - ridges called rugae palatinae - cranial portion of mouth |
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Soft palate |
- soft tissue with no underlying bone - separates oral cavity from nasal pharynx - caudal portion of mouth |
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Brachyodont teeth |
- Apex is closed => teeth stop growing |
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Hypsodont teeth |
- apex is open => teeth continually grow - rely on mastication to wear teeth down |
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Parts of external tooth |
- crown - neck - root - enamel |
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Internal tooth |
- dentin - pulp chamber - nerves - blood vessels - apex - apical delta |
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Structures involved in tooth attachment |
- gingival sulcus - free gingiva - attached gingiva - alveolar mucosa - periodontal ligament - cementum - alveolar bone |
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Types of teeth |
Incisors - single root - held in by incisive bone and mandible - nibbling, grooming, and cutting Canines - single root, very deep - grasping, holding, tearing Premolars - flatter surface, cusps - 2-3 roots - shearing and grinding Molars - 1-3 roots - shearing and grinding |
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Kitten dentition formula |
2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2) 25 deciduous teeth |
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Adult cat dentition formula |
2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1) 30 permanent teeth |
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Puppy dentition formula |
2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4) 28 deciduous teeth |
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Adult dog dention formula |
2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) 42 permanent teeth |
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Furcation |
- where the root meets the crown - bifurcation exposure |
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Directional terms for individual teeth |
- Mesial: towards the anterior midline - Distal: towards the last back tooth - Lingual: toward the tongue (mandible) - Palatal: toward the palate (maxilla) - Caudal: toward the back of the mouth |
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Directional terms for the whole mouth |
- Rostral: towards the front of the mouth - Apical: towards the apex - Coronal: toward the crown - Labial: toward the lip - Buccal: toward the cheek |
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Alveolar mucosa |
The less densely keratinized gingival tissue covering the bone |
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Alveolus |
Tooth socket |
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Ameloblasts |
Cells which take part in forming dental enamel |
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Anatomic numbering system |
Numbering system used for medical record annotation in which the correct anatomic names of teeth are written out in full or abbreviated |
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Apical |
Toward the apex of the tooth |
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Buccal |
The direction toward the outside of the teeth, usually toward the cheeks |
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Cementum |
The bonelike connective tissue that attaches the periodontal ligament to the tooth |
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Coronal |
The direction toward the crown |
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Distal |
The portion farthest from the center of the dental arch |
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Interproximal area |
The area between the teeth |
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Labial |
The direction toward the outside of the teeth, usually toward the lips |
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Lateral palatine fold |
The area where the two jaws join in the back of the oral cavity |
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Mesial |
Situated in the middle; near the center of the dental arch |
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Mucogingival line |
The junction between gingiva attached to underlying bone and the flap overlying the tooth |
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Odontoblasts |
Cells that line the pulp chamber and produce dentin |
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Palatal |
The direction toward the inside of the maxillary tooth |
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Rugae palatinae |
Irregular ridges on hard palate mucosa shaped to facilitate the movement of food back toward the pharynx |
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Sunlingual |
The structures and surfaces beneath the tongue |
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Sulcus |
The groove between the surface of the tooth and the epithelium lining the free gingiva |
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Triadan numbering system |
A numbering system used for medical record annotation in which three numbers are used to identify each tooth. The first number identifies the quadrant of the mouth. The second and third numbers identify the tooth, which is always represented by two numbers. |
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Acanthomatous ameloblastoma |
Proliferating epithelial cells of dental origin. Although classified as benign, these epulides tend to invade bone, which makes dental radiographic evaluation and aggressive surgery important. |
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Alveolar mucositis |
Inflammation of alveolar mucosa (i.e. mucosa overlying the alveolar process and extending from the mucogingival junction without obvious demarcation to the vestibular sulcus and to the floor of the mouth) |
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Amelogenesis imperfecta |
An abnormality of enamel formation, including genetic and/or developmental enamel formation and maturation abnormalities such as enamel hyperplasia and enamel hypomineralization |
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Anodontia |
The absence of teeth |
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Attrition |
The wearing away of a tooth, resulting from the friction of teeth against each other |
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Avulsion |
Complete displacement of the tooth from the socket |
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Buccoversion |
A premolar or molar that is in its anatomically correct position in the dental arch but which is abnormally angled in a buccal direction |
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Canine oral virus oral papillomatosis |
Warts on the oral mucous membrane (and sometimes on the lips) caused by a virus. They will generally go away with time. |
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Caries |
Cavities |
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Caudal crossbite |
A malocclusion in which one or more of the mandibular cheek teeth is buccal to the opposing maxillary cheek teeth when the mouth is closed |
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Caudal mucositis |
Inflammation of mucosa of the caudal oral cavity, bordered medically by the palatoglossal folds and fauces, dorsally by the hard and soft palate, and rostrally by alveolar and buccal mucosa |
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Cheilitis |
Inflammation of the lip (including the mucocutaneous junction area and skin of the lip) |
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Cingulum |
A ledge on the palatal side of the maxillary incisors |
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Class I malocclusion |
Overall normal occlusion except that one or more teeth are out of alignment |
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Class II occlusion |
A malocclusion occurring when the mandible is shorter than normal. This may cause the adult canines and incisors to penetrate the hard palate, and irritation and ulceration of the hard palate may result. |
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Class III occlusion |
A malocclusion that has several forms, and may be caused by the mandible being too long (mandibular prognathism). As a reauktz the mandibular incisors occlude labial to the maxillary incisors |
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Contact mucositis |
Lesions in susceptible individuals that are secondary to mucosal contact with a tooth surface bearing the responsible irritant, allergen, or antigen. They have also been called "contact ulcers" and "kissing ulcers" |
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Cranial mandibular osteodystrophy |
An inherited condition in which nonneoplastic bone forms im the region of the temporomandibular joint and occasionally extends into the mandible. It occurs primarily in West Highland white terriers and occasionally in other breeds. |
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Crossbite |
A malocclusion in which a mandibular tooth or teeth have a more buccal or labial position than the antagonist maxillary tooth. It can be classified as rostral or caudal. |
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Dentigerous cyst |
A cyst in which all or part of the tooth is in the cyst. It causes a local swelling of the jaw which may be visible externally. |
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Dilacerated root |
An abnormally formed root |
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Distoversion |
A type of Class I malocclusion in which a tooth is in its anatomically correct position in the dental arch but which is abnormally angled in a distal direction |
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Enamel hypomineralization |
Inadequate mineralization of enamel matrix |
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Enamel hypoplasia |
A defect in tooth enamel production |
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Endodontics |
Dental specialty dealing with the treatment of conditions including saving vital pulp, removing live or dead pulp, and preventing or treating infection |
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Fibrosarcoma |
A seroma occurring in the mandible or maxilla that may create fleshy, protruding, firm masses that are sometimes friable |
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Fusion |
The joining of 2 developing teeth that have different tooth buds |
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Gemini tooth |
A tooth in which a tooth bud has partially divided in the attempt to form 2 teeth |
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Gingival hyperplasia |
The proliferation of gingival cells |
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Glossitis |
Inflammation of mucosa of the dorsal and/or ventral tongue surface |
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Granuloma |
A tumor-like mass or nodule of granulation tissue |
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Interceptive orthodontics |
The process of extracting primary teeth to prevent orthodontic malocclusions |
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Labial/buccal mucositis |
Inflammation of lip/cheek mucosa |
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Labioversion |
An incisor or canine tooth that is in its anatomically correct position in the dental arch but which is abnormally angled in a labial direction |
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Linguoversion |
A tooth that is in its anatomically correct position in the dental arch, but which is abnormally angled in a labial direction |
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Luxation |
Partial displacement of the tooth from the socket |
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Malignant melanoma |
A tu ml or occurring on any site in the oral cavity; gingiva, buccal mucosa, hard and soft palates, and tongue. They are locally invasive and highly metastatic to the lungs, regional lymph nodes, and bone |
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Mandibular periostitis ossificans |
A benign lesion seen in young breed dogs that will spontaneously resolve with age |
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Mandibular prognathism |
A condition in which the mandible is too long |
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Maxillary brachygnathism |
A molaocclusion in which the maxilla is too shirt and the mandible appears to be normal length |
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Maxillary-mandibular assymmetry |
Skeletal malocclusions that can occur in n a rostrocaudal, side-to-side, or dorsoventral direction |
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Mesioversion |
A type of Class I malocclusion in which a tooth that is in its anatomically correct position in the dental arch is abnormally angled in a mesial direction |
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Nonneoplastic bone |
Proliferative bone that does not contain cancer cells |
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Odontoma |
A mass of cells that have enamel, dentin, cementum, and small tooth-like structures |
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Oral medicine |
Dental specialty dealing with the effects of cancer and other medical conditions on the mouth |
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Oronasal fistula |
An abnormal opening between the oral and nasal cavities |
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Orthodontics |
The correction of dental malocclusions |
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Osteomyelitis |
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow |
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Palatitis |
Inflammation of mucosa covering the hard and/or soft palate |
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Pedodontics |
Dental specialty dealing with the treatment of dental disease in the puppy and kitten |
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Periodontics |
Dental specialty dealing with the treatment of conditions in the surrounding tooth structure |
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Periodontitis |
Inflammation of nongingival periodontal tissues i.e. the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone |
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Peripheral odontogenic fibroma |
Fibroma characterized by the presence of a tumor in the tissues of the gingiva, it contains primarily fibrous tissues, and is also known as fibromatous epulis |
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Prosthodontics |
Dental specialty dealing with the process of restoring the tooth to normal health |
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Rostral crossbite |
A malocclusion in which one or more of the mandibular incisor teeth is labial to the opposing maxillary incisor teeth when the mouth is closed |
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Scissors bite |
Normal occlusion in dogs and cats, in which the mandibular teeth came into contact with the palatal side of the maxillary teeth |
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Slab fracture |
The most common fracture of the fourth premolar, resulting from the force placed on a very small area of the tooth (cusp) when the patient bites down. The shear force fractures enamel and dentin, exposing the pulp |
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Spearing canines |
A Class I orthodontic condition in which the maxillary are tipped in a rostral position and trapped by the mandibular canines; also known as mesioversion |
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Squamous cell carcinoma |
A histologically distinct form of cancer arising in a variety of locations in the mouth. The cell's type is from the epithelium, and the appearance varies, but generally they are nodular, gray-to-pink, irregular masses that invade the bone and cause tooth mobility |
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Stomatitis |
Inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth; in clinical use the term should be reserved to describe widespread oral inflammation (beyond gingivitis and periodontitis) that may also extend into submucosal tissues |
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Sublingual mucositis |
Inflammation of mucosa in the floor of the mouth |
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Tooth resorption |
A process by which all or part of a tooth structure is lost |
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Ulcerative eosinophilic stomatitis |
A disease of the King Charles Spaniel characterized by focal raised areas on the palate. Histologically they do not have granuloma formation. The cause is unknown. |
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Uremic ulceration |
Ulcerations on the tip of the tongue |
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Biofilm |
- aggregate of bacterial colonies protected by a polysaccharide complex - turns into plaque |
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Calculus |
Mineralized deposits of calcium phosphate and carbonate, with organic matter, deposited on tooth surfaces. May initiate caries and periodontal disease |
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Endotoxins |
A heat stable toxin present in the intact bacterial cell but not in cell-free filtrates of cultures of intact bacteria |
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Epithelial attachment |
The epithelium attaching the gingiva to the tooth |
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Gram-positive aerobic bacteria |
Bacteria that resist decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining. They require oxygen to survive. |
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Pathogenesis |
The development of morbid conditions or of disease; more specifically the cellular events and reactions and other pathological mechanisms occurring in the development of disease. |
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Plaque |
A mass adhering to the enamel surface of a tooth, composed of a mixed colony of bacteria. |
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A space resulting from the gingiva separating from the tooth due to inflammation. |
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Tartar |
A yellowish film formed of calcium phosphate and carbonate, food particles, and other organic matter that is deposited on the teeth by the saliva |
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Calicivirus |
A virus that causes disease in cats. It is one of the two important vital causes of respiratory infection in cats, and may be a trigger leading to feline chronic ulcerative gingivostomatitis. |
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Caudal stomatitis |
Painful inflammation and ulceration extending into the tissues of the lateral palatine folds |
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Chronic ulcerative stomatitis |
Widespread oral inflammation beyond gingivitis and periodontitis |
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Feline orofacial pain syndrome (FOPS) |
A pain disorder of cats with behavioral signs of oral discomfort and tongue mutilation. It occurs mainly in Burmese cats, and is thought to be caused by damage to the nerves of the peripheral nervous system possibly involving central and/or ganglion processing of sensory trigeminal information |
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Hyperglobulinemia |
Elevated globulin |
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Hyperproteinemia |
Elevates blood protein |
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Pasteurella species |
A genus of gram-negative bacteria facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Pasteurella species are most likely an antigenic trigger leading to feline chronic ulcerative gingivostomatitis |
