Crosshouse Anatomy Second Semester

Front 1

Cervical Plexus

Back 1

Anterior rami of C1-C4 w/ some contribution from C5
Innervates head/neck, and primarily sensation from upper shoulder and chest

Front 2

Phrenic Nerve

Back 2

Cervical Plexus
Formed from branches of C3-C5
Innervates diaphragm

Front 3

Brachial Plexus

Back 3

Consists of anterior rami of C5-T1

Front 4

Axillary Nerve

Back 4

Brachial Plexus
Deltoid and teres minor

Front 5

Lateral Pectoral

Back 5

Brachial Plexus
Pectoralis major

Front 6

Musculocutaneous Nerve

Back 6

Brachial Plexus
Anterior upper arm (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis)

Front 7

Median Nerve

Back 7

Brachial Plexus
Anterior forearm

Front 8

Medial Pectoral Nerve

Back 8

Brachial Plexus
Pectoralis Major

Front 9

Ulnar Nerve

Back 9

Brachial Plexus
Medial Forearm and hand

Front 10

Radial Nerve

Back 10

Brachial Plexus
Entire posterior region of arm

Front 11

Lumbar Plexus

Back 11

Formed from spinal nerves L1-L4

Front 12

Femoral Nerve

Back 12

Lumbar Plexus
Hip flexors and quadriceps

Front 13

Obturator Nerve

Back 13

Lumbar Plexus
Medial Thigh

Front 14

Sacral Plexus

Back 14

Formed from spinal nerves L4-S5

Front 15

Sciatic Nerve

Back 15

Sacral Plexus
Posterior thigh and entire lower leg

Front 16

Superior Gluteal Nerve

Back 16

Sacral Plexus
Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, and tensor fascia lata

Front 17

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

Back 17

Sacral Plexus
Gluteus Maximus

Front 18

Tibial branch

Back 18

Sciatic Nerve
Posterior lower leg

Front 19

Superficial Peroneal branch

Back 19

Sciatic Nerve
Lateral Lower Leg

Front 20

Deep Peroneal branch

Back 20

Sciatic nerve
Anterior lower leg

Front 21

Medial/Lateral Plantar branch

Back 21

Sciatic Nerve
Plantar surface of foot

Front 22

Medial/Lateral Dorsal branch

Back 22

Sciatic nerve
Dorsal surface of foot

Front 23

Pre-Central Gyrus

Back 23

Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Cortex

Front 24

Post-Central Gyrus

Back 24

Parietal Lobe
Primary Sensory Cortex

Front 25

Occipital Lobe

Back 25

Contains primary visual cortex

Front 26

Temporal Lobe

Back 26

Contains primary cortex for hearing and on its medial side the primary cortex for smell

Front 27

Prefrontal Area "Frontal Association Area"

Back 27

Frontal Lobe
Intellect, Intuition, Mood, Rational thought, reasoning, looking to the future

Front 28

Broca's Area of Speech

Back 28

Pre-Motor Area in Frontal Lobe

Front 29

Pre-Motor Area

Back 29

Frontal Lobe (just anterior to Pre-Central Gyrus)

Front 30

Central Sulcus

Back 30

Divides Frontal and Parietal Lobes (specifically Pre and Post Central Gyrus)

Front 31

Wernicke's Area

Back 31

Parietal and Temporal Lobes of left hemisphere of cerebrum

Front 32

Somatosensory Association Area

Back 32

Parietal Lobe

Front 33

Cerebral Peduncles

Back 33

Midbrain
Contains UMNs of corticospinal tract (tract that starts from primary motor cortex)

Front 34

Mamillary Bodies

Back 34

Midbrain
Associated with smelling reflexes

Front 35

Apneustic Center

Back 35

Pons
Stimulates inhalation and inhibits exhalation

Front 36

Pneumotaxic Center

Back 36

Pons
Stimulates exhalation and inhibits inhalation

Front 37

Pyramids

Back 37

Medulla
Contain UMNs of corticospinal tract

Front 38

Decussation of Pyramids

Back 38

Medulla
90% of UMNs cross to lateral funiculus

Front 39

Cardio Center

Back 39

Medulla
Help control heart rate

Front 40

Superior Colliculi

Back 40

Midbrain
Associated with visual reflexes

Front 41

Inferior Colliculi

Back 41

Midbrain
Associated with auditory reflexes

Front 42

Reticular Activating System

Back 42

Brainstem
Biological clock (system that wakes you up)

Front 43

Superior Cerebellar Peduncles

Back 43

Pons
Allow for passage of info from cerebellum to higher centers

Front 44

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles

Back 44

Pons
Allow info from spinal cord to pass into cerebellum

Front 45

Middle Cerebellar Peduncles

Back 45

Pons
Allow info to pass from Pons into cerebellum

Front 46

Hypothalamus

Back 46

Inferior and slightly anterior to Thalamus
Controls ANS and behavior/emotional patterns; produces hormones and releasing factors for hormones in anterior pituitary; helps regulate digestion, thirst and hunger, and circadian rhythms

Front 47

Pineal Gland

Back 47

Releases melatonin in response to light; may also influence sex drive

Front 48

Vermis

Back 48

Structure that connects the 2 hemispheres of Cerebellum

Front 49

Cerebellum

Back 49

Controls posture, balance, helps refine skilled motor movements, monitors intended movements, and monitors kinesthesia from actual movements

Front 50

Arbor Vitae

Back 50

Mid-region of Cerebellum; composed of white matter

Front 51

Gracilis and Cuneatus Tracts

Back 51

Carry sensory info dealing w/ touch, pressure, vibration, and kinesthesia (proprioception); consist of 3 neurons in series

Front 52

Gracilis Tract

Back 52

Carries info from legs and lower trunk

Front 53

Cuneatus Tract

Back 53

Carries info from arms, neck, and upper trunk

Front 54

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 54

Brain and spinal cord (ends around L1)

Front 55

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 55

Consists of 12 pair cranial and 31 pair spinal nerves

Front 56

Cranial Nerves (12 pair)

Back 56

Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

Front 57

Spinal Nerves (31 pair)

Back 57

8 pair cervical, 12 pair thoracic, 5 pair lumbar, 5 pair sacral, 1 pair coccygeal

Front 58

Neuron

Back 58

Nerve Cell

Front 59

Nerve Fiber

Back 59

Axon

Front 60

Nerve

Back 60

Collection of axons
Note: Not called 'nerve' inside CNS

Front 61

Neuroglial Cells

Back 61

4 types found in CNS (more numerous in CNS than neurons); 2 types in PNS

Front 62

Astrocytes

Back 62

Neuroglial Cells (CNS)
Most numerous, help protect neurons, forms "blood-brain barrier"

Front 63

Oligodendrocytes

Back 63

Neuroglial Cells (CNS)
Protect and myelinate axons in CNS

Front 64

Microglial Cells

Back 64

Neuroglial Cells (CNS)
Immune defense in CNS; destroy foreign material by phagocytosis

Front 65

Ependymal Cells

Back 65

Neuroglial Cells (CNS)
Line ventricles and the central canal of spinal cord; also help produce and circulate Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Front 66

Schwann Cells

Back 66

Neuroglial Cells (PNS)
Protect and can myelinate axons

Front 67

Satellite Cells

Back 67

Neuroglial Cells (PNS)
Help protect groups of neuronal cell bodies in PNS; found in ganglia, which are groups of neuronal cell bodies

Front 68

Efferent

Back 68

Motor
Anterior Horn

Front 69

Afferent

Back 69

Sensory
Posterior Horn

Front 70

Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) - Functions

Back 70

Shock absorption, helps facilitate nutrient exchange, and removes waste from neural tissue

Front 71

Cerebro Spinal Fluid - Movement

Back 71

Lateral Ventricles (2)
Interventricular Foramen
3rd Ventricle (sits between two halves of Thalamus)
Cerebral Aqueduct (passes through midbrain)
4th Ventricle and then either
Central Canal
or
Passes through 1 median and 2 lateral apertures to Subarachnoid space

Front 72

Cerebro Spinal Fluid - Reabsorption

Back 72

Passes through subarachnoid villi into Sagital Sinus located between cerebral hemispheres and returns to venous system

Front 73

Basal Ganglia - Functions

Back 73

Turning on movements, setting turn-off times for movements, and helps produce many controlled subconscious movements (e.g. arm swing while walking)

Front 74

Basal Ganglia - Structures

Back 74

Caudate Nucleus, Globis Pallidus, Putamen (all 3 form Lentiform Nucleus)
Substantia Nigra (in midbrain) and Subthalamic Nuclei

Front 75

Intermediate Mass

Back 75

Structure that connects two halves of Thalamus

Front 76

Thalamus - Function

Back 76

Sensory integrative center with some motor function

Front 77

Gracilis/Cuneatus Tract (path)

Back 77

Posterior Horn (no synapse)
Synapse in Gracilis/Cuneatus nuclei
Cross over in Medulla Lemniscus Tract
Synapse in Thalamus
Synapse in Post-Central gyrus

Front 78

Corticospinal Tract (lateral path)

Back 78

Pre-central Gyrus
Cross over in anterior medulla
Through lateral corticospinal tract (lateral funiculus)
Synapse on anterior horn
LMN to muscle

Front 79

Corticospinal Tract (anterior path)

Back 79

Pre-central Gyrus
Through anterior corticospinal tract
Cross over to synapse on anterior horn
LMN to muscle

Front 80

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

Back 80

Pain and temperature

Front 81

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

Back 81

Itch, tickle, pressure, crude touch

Front 82

Lateral/Anterior Spinothalamic Tract (path)

Back 82

Synapse on Posterior horn
Cross over to lateral/anterior spinothalamic tract
Synapse in Thalamus
Synapse in Post-Central Gyrus

Front 83

Posterior Funiculus

Back 83

Cuneatus and Gracilis

Front 84

Lateral Funiculus

Back 84

Posterior Spinocerebellar
Anterior Spinocerebellar
Lateral Corticospinal
Rubrospinal
Lateral Spinothalamic

Front 85

Anterior Funiculus

Back 85

Anterior Spinothalamic
Anterior Corticospinal

Front 86

Posterior Spinocerebellar

Back 86

Subconscious sensory tract that carries kinesthesia from legs and trunk

Front 87

Posterior Spinocerebellar (path)

Back 87

Muscle Spindle
Synapses on posterior horn
Up through posterior spinocerebellar tract
Synapses in cerebellum
Synapses again in cerebellum
(4th SN synapses in dendate nucleus
5th SN crosses over to synapse in Red Nucleus in Midbrain)

Front 88

Rubrospinal Tract (path)

Back 88

Red nucleus
Crosses over in Midbrain
Passes through Rubrospinal tract to synapse on Anterior Horn
LMN to Muscle

Front 89

Reflex arc for pain

Back 89

Pain receptor synapses on posterior horn
Synapses on anterior horn
Neuron returns to muscle to contract

Front 90

Olfactory Nerve

Back 90

Cerebrum
Sensory - Smelling

Front 91

Optic Nerve

Back 91

Cerebrum
Sensory - Vision

Front 92

Oculomotor

Back 92

Midbrain
Sensory - Kinesthesia from muscle of your upper eyelid and from 4 extrinsic muscles of the eye (Superior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Inferior Oblique)
Motor - To the same muscles
Parasympathetic Motor - Innervates Ciliary muscle (needed for near vision) and innervates sphincter muscle in iris to constrict pupil

Front 93

Trochlear Nerve

Back 93

Midbrain
Sensory - Kinesthesia from superior oblique muscle of eye
Motor - To superior oblique

Front 94

Trigeminal Nerve

Back 94

Pons
Contains Opthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular branches

Front 95

Opthalmic branch

Back 95

Trigeminal Nerve
Sensory - Anterior scalp, forehead, upper eyelid, cornea, lateral side of nose, nasal lining

Front 96

Maxillary branch

Back 96

Trigeminal Nerve
Sensory - upper lip, skin around upper jaw, teeth of upper jaw

Front 97

Mandibular branch

Back 97

Trigeminal Nerve
Sensory - Teeth of lower jaw, lower lip, skin around/over lower jaw, kinesthesia from muscles of mastication, and touch, pressure, temp from anterior 2/3 of tongue
Motor - Muscles of mastication

Front 98

Abducens Nerve

Back 98

Pons
Sensory - Kinesthesia from lateral rectus
Motor - To lateral rectus

Front 99

Facial Nerve

Back 99

Pons
Sensory - Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, kinesthesia from facial muscles and muscles of scalp
Motor - To facial muscles and muscles of scalp
Parasympathetic Motor - Lacrimal glands, nasal glands, palantine glands, sublingual and submandibular glands

Front 100

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Back 100

Pons
Contains Vestibular and Cochlear branches

Front 101

Vestibular Branch

Back 101

Sensory - from your semicircular canals, utricles, and saccules
--> Balance and equilibrium
Motor - Regulates sensitivity of hair cells in listed structures, spedifically within semicircular canals

Front 102

Cochlear Branch

Back 102

Sensory - hearing
Motor - regulates sensitivity of hair cells

Front 103

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Back 103

Medulla
Sensory - taste from post. 1/3 of tongue; also touch, pressure, and temp from post 1/3 tongue; also sensory for monitoring O2 and CO2 levels in blood (will then communicate w/ breathing centers of Pons)
Motor - muscles of larynx and pharynx (e.g. lifts larynx during swallowing)
Parasympathetic - Motor to your parotid salivary glands

Front 104

Vagus Nerve

Back 104

Medulla
Sensory - from muscles of throat and neck, and visceral sensory receptors from organs of thorax and abdomen
Motor - Organs of thoracic and abdomen
Parasympathetic Motor - Controls BP, stimulates smooth muscle in GI tract, lowers HR by slowing SA node, monitors O2 and CO2 levels in blood, and controls release of digestive enzymes from pancreas

Front 105

Accessory Nerve

Back 105

Medulla
Sensory - kinesthesia from muscles of larynx, pharynx, soft palate, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius
Motor - to same muscles

Front 106

Hypoglossal Nerve

Back 106

Medulla
Sensory - kinesthesia from tongue
Motor - to muscles of tongue