Anatomy Lecture 3

Front 1

Functions of neural tissue

Back 1

control and regulation
- broken down further can be gathering signals, processing information, and response

Front 2

Major divisions of central nervous system

Back 2

Front 3

Central nervous system

Back 3

integrate and coordinate neural signals and perform higher mental functions (thinking and learning)

Front 4

Peripheral nervous system

Back 4

Located outside the dorsal cavity. Consists of peripheral nerves (cranial and spinal), ganglia, receptors and enteric plexus.

Front 5

Sensory fibers

Back 5

Conduct impulses from the receptors (sensors) to the CNS
- Sensory -Efferent

Front 6

Motor Fibers

Back 6

Conduct impulses from the CNS to the effectors (muscles or glands)
- Motor - Afferent

Front 7

Somatic nervous system

Back 7

Voluntary - controls skeletal muscles

Front 8

Autonomic

Back 8

Involuntary or visceral - controls cardiac, smooth muscle and glands
- further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 9

Neural Anatomy

Back 9

No centrioles due to lack of divisional capabilities

Front 10

Grey matter

Back 10

Rough ER and ribosomes are rich in the bodies of neurons, as such they appear dark in color under the microscope

Front 11

White matter

Back 11

Myelin sheaths that wrap the axons is a lipid that looks transparent or white under the microscope

Front 12

Anatomy of Neuron (close up)

Back 12

Front 13

Perikaryon

Back 13

Histological term for area surrounding neural nucleus

Front 14

Axon Terminal

Back 14

Small branch at the end of the axon, have small bulbs which are rich with neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) that will release when signaled

Front 15

Synapse

Back 15

Gap between axon terminal (knob) and cell (neuron, muscle cell, or glandular tissue) to be signaled

Front 16

Astrocyte

Back 16

- largest of the neuroglia
- have vascular feet that help form the blood-brain barrier
- form scar tissue after CVI or TBI
- provide nutrients to the nervous tissue
- remove waste from nervous tissue

Front 17

Astrocytoma

Back 17

Due to replication abilities, astrocytoma represent over 80% of brain tumors - uncontrollable reproducing astrocytes

Front 18

Oligodendrocyte

Back 18

Found in both gray and white matter in the CNS, dense cytoplasm, small nucleus, make myelin sheath, 1 oligodendrocyte can wrap multiple axons

Front 19

Ependyma or Ependimal cells

Back 19

The thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord. Along with capillaries they form the choroid plexus - responsible for the formation of the CSF

Front 20

Tanycytes

Back 20

Specialized bipolar cells bridging the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the portal capillaries

Front 21

Microglial

Back 21

Phagocytes of the neural tissue, stain dark possess oval or triangular nucleus and projections shorter than in astrocytes, abundant at sites of injury - think of as phagocyte of neural tissue

Front 22

Peripheral nerves

Back 22

Bundles of nerve fibers connecting the CNS to a specific part of the body

Front 23

Endoneurium

Back 23

Connective tissue holding the axon bundles together

Front 24

Perineurium

Back 24

Connective tissue holding the bundle of fascicles together

Front 25

Epinerium

Back 25

Connective tissue covering a group of fascicles which is a nerve.

Front 26

Schwann's Cells

Back 26

Put layers of myelin around a single axon (1 cell/axon) in peripheral nerve. Can put a sheath without myelinated layers (1 per few axons), in this case it would be called unmyelinated

Front 27

Another example of Schwann cells

Back 27

Front 28

Neurilemma

Back 28

the outermost membrane (thin cytoplasmic layer) of schwann cell in an axon's myelin

Front 29

Unipolar Axon

Back 29

dendrites are very short, these neurons are sensory neurons

Front 30

Bipolar Axon

Back 30

Special sense organs (eyes, ears, etc. . .)

Front 31

Multipolar axon

Back 31

Most common type of axon, most neurons in CNS and motor systems are multipolar

Front 32

Ganglia

Back 32

Clusters of neuronal bodies located outside the CNS; nerve fibers lead to and from them

Front 33

Segmental demyelination

Back 33

Myelin sheath breaks down around axon

Front 34

Axonal degeneration

Back 34

Actual damage to axon - degenerated axons are able to grow back if guided by schwann cells

Front 35

Reinnervation

Back 35

Degenerated axons are able to grow back if guided by schwann cells

Front 36

Myopathy

Back 36

The loss of signal between neural cell and muscular cell

Front 37

Pia Mater

Back 37

The innermost of the three meninges covering the brain and the spinal cord. It is closely applied to both structures and carries a rich supply of blood vessels, which nourish the nervous tissue