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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition TC, TH, MC, MH, CH |
TC : the direction of flight as measured on a chart clockwise from true north TH : the direction the longitudinal axis of the airplane points with respect to true north MC : True course corrected for magnetic variation MH : Magnetic course corrected for wind Compass Heading : aircraft heading read from the compass. |
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Definition of Variation, Deviation, Isogonic line, Agonic line |
Variation : the angle between true north and magnetic north Deviation : The compass needle is frequently deflected from its normal reading, because of magnetic influences within the airplane itself Isogonic line : connect points of equal magnetic variation Agonic line : is a line that two poles align |
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IAS, CAS, TAS |
IAS : the airspeed shown on the flight deck instrument CAS : IAS corrected for instrument errors TAS : CAS corrected for altitude and non-standard temperature, the speed of aircraft relative to the airmass in which it is flying |
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VFR cruising altitude |
More than 3,000ft AGL, less than 18,000ft MSL, we should flight under VFR cruising altitude. - On a magnetic course of 0~179, odd thousand ft MSL + 500 - On a magnetic course of 180~359, even thousand ft MSL + 500 |
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Preflight |
Notams Weather reports and forecast Known traffic delay which advised by ATC Runway lengths of intended use Alternatives available if the planned flight cannot be completed Fuel requirement Take off and landing distance |
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File a flight plan Time, vaild |
FSS, Through radio, phone with ATC File at least 30min prior to est. departure time VFR flight plan is valid for 1 hour after proposed departure time when filed. |
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Cancelation |
A pilot is responsible for ensuring that VFR flight plan is cancelled. ATC of control tower do not automatically. If you cannot contact them, you may request any ATC to relay your cancellation to the FSS If you fail to report or cancel your flight plan within 30min after your estimated arrival time, search and rescue procedures are started. |
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MEF |
The MEF represent the highest elevation within a quadrant, including terrain and other vertical obstacles. Manmade : +100 Natural obstacle : +300 |
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Minimum safe altitude |
If an engine fails, altitude must be sufficient to permit an emergency landing without hazard Congested area : pilot must maintain an altitude of 1,000ft above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2000ft of the airplane Other than congested area : The minimum altitude over other than congested area is 500ft AGL Sparsely populated areas or open water : An airplane could not be operated closer than 500ft to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure. |
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Supplemental oxygen |
All occupants must be provided with oxygen in an airplane operated at cabin pressure altitude above 15,000ft MSL. Required flight crew is provided with supplemental oxygen at cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500ft MSL up to and including 14,000ft MSL for more than 30min Flight crew is provided with supplemental oxygen entire time above 14,000ft |
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3 ways to navigate |
Pilotage is navigation by reference to landmarks and checkpoints Dead reckoning is navigation by means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction Radio navigation by use of radio aids. |
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3 Types of sectional chart |
1. Sectional chart - designed for visual navigation of slow to medium speed aircraft, revised semiannually 2. VFR terminal area chart - depict the class B airspace, more detailed. 3. VFR flyway planning chart - depict flight paths and altitudes to avoid complex area |
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VOR, VORTAC, DME, RNAV |
VOR : Very high frequency omnidirectional range. VORTAC : Collocated VOR and TACAN DME : Distance Measuring Equipment measure the slant range distance of an aircraft from the DME navigational aid RNAV : Area Navigation |
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CTAF, UNICOM |
CTAF : Common traffic advisory frequency, A frequency used for air-to-air communication in non-towered airport UNICOM : Non-government communication facility which may provide airport information at certain airports. |
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Consider things when I choose course |
1. Terrain : MEF, sectional chart 2. Checkpoints : that are easy to identify 3. Airspace 4. Weather avoidance |
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Consider when I choose altitude |
1. Terrain clearance 2. Cloud clearance - airspace requirement 3. Direction of flight - VFR cruising altitude 4. Airspace - stays clear of any airspace 5. Allows me to see visual checkpoints easily. |
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Advantage, Disadvantage of navigation Dead reckoning, Pilotage, VOR, GPS |
1. Dead reckoning Advantage : It is simple, When everything else fails, it will bring us home Disadvantage : It requires accurate winds and performance calculation 2. Pilotage It builds confidence It requires prominent checkpoints and enough visibility to see them 3. VOR It is an accurate form of navigation over an area where no prominent checkpoints exist Line-of-sight navigation, somewhat dependent on altitude, less accurate when far away from the section 4. GPS It is not limited to line of sight There are occasional outages |
