Crm Final

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Penitentiary

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Institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds

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Separate Confinement

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Penitentiary System in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates. All activities including craft work took place in the cells

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Congregate System

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Penitentiary System in which each inmate was held in isolation during the night but worked and ate with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence

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Contract Labor System

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Inmate's labor was sold on a conctractual basis to private employers who provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable prodicts in the institution

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Lease System

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Inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor

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Reformatory

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Institution for young offenders that emphasizes training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole

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Mark System

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Point system in which prisoners can redice their term of imprisonment and gain release by earning "marks" or points through labor, good behavior and educational achievement

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Rehabilitation Model

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Emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy

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Medical Model

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Based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological and psychological condition that require treatment

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Community Corrections

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Based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community

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Crime Control Model of Correcitons

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Model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision

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Prison

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Institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies

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Jail

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Institution authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours

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Hands-off Policy

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Judges should not interfer with the administration of correctional instututions

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Cooper v. Pate

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Prisoners are entitled to the protection of the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and may challenge in federal courts the conditions of their confinement

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Hudson v. Palmer

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Prison officials have the authority to search cells and confiscate any materials found

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Wolf v. McDonnell

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Basic elements of procedural due process must e present when decisions are made about imposing significant punishments on prisoners for violating institutional rules

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Marrissey v. Brewer

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Due process rights require a prompt, informal, two-stage inquiry before an impartial hearing officer before parole may be revoked. The parolee may present relevant information and confront witnesses

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Gagnon v. Scarpelli

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Before probation can be revoked, a two-stage hearing must be held and the offender provided with specific elements of due process. Requested counsel will be allowed on a case-by-case basis

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Custodial Model of Incarceration

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Emphasizes security, discipline, and order

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Rehabilitation Model of Incarceration

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Emphasizes treatment programs to help prisoners address the personal problems and issues that led them to commit crimes

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Reintegration Model of Incarceration

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Emphasizes maintaining the offender's ties to family and community as a method of reform, recognizing that the offender will be returning to society

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Inmate Code

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Values and norms of the prison social system that define the inmates' idea of the model prisoner

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Doing Time

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View prison term as breif, inevitable break in their criminal careers, a cost of doing business

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Gleaning

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Take advantage of prison programs in order to better themselves

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Jailing

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Those who cut themselves off from the outside and try to construct a life within the prison

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Classification

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Process of assigning an inmate to a category specifying his or her needs for security, treatment, and readiness for release

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Parens Patriae

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The state as parent; the state as guardian and protector of all citizens who cannot protect themselves

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In re Gault

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Juveniles have the right to counsel, to confront and examine accusers, and to have adequate notice of charges when confinement is a possible punishment

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In re Winship

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The standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt applies to juvenile delinquency proceedings

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McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

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Juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a trial by jury

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Breed v. Jones

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Juveniles cannot be found delinquent in juvenile court and then transferred to adult court without a hearing on the transfer; to do so violates the protection against double jeopardy

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Status Offense

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Any act committed by a juvenile that is considered unacceptable for a child, such as truancy or running away from home, but that would not be a crime if it were committed by an adult

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Schall v. Martin

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Juveniles can be held in preventive detention if there is concern that they may commit additional crimes while awaiting court action

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Waiver

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Procedure by which the juvenile court waives its jurisdiction and transfers a juvenile case to the adult criminal court

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Delinquent

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A child who has committed an act that if committed by an adult would be a criminal act

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PINS

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Persons In Need of Supervision, a term that designates juveniles who are either status offenders or thought to be on the verge of trouble

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Neglected Child

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Child who is recieving inadequate care because of some action or inaction of his or her parents

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Dependent Child

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Child who has no parent or guardian or whose parents cannot give proper care

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Diversion

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The process of screening children out of the juvenile justice system without a decision by the court

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Detention Hearing

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Hearing by the juvenile court to determine if a juvenile is to be detained or released prior to adjudication

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Adjudication

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Trial stage of the juvenile justice process

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Aftercare

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Juvenile Justice equivalent of parile, in which a delinquent is released from a custodial sentence and supervised in the community