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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Criminology
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Academic discipline using scientific method to study nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior
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Cesare Beccaria
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utilitarianism, cost/benefit analysis, foundation of classical criminology
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Classical Criminology/Rational Choice Theory
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free will to choose criminal/lawful measures, criminal acts more desirable i.e. cost/benefit, choice of actions controllable by fear of punishment, severe/swift/certain punishment = best deterrent of criminal behavior RATIONAL CHOICE
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Positivist Criminology
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uses scientific method to suggest that human behavior is controlled by social, biological, psychological, or economic forces, EXTERNAL CONTROL
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Biosocial Theory
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Cesare Lombroso, assumed link between physical and social traits and their influence on behavior
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Sociological Criminology
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Emile Durkheim; social factors and effect on crime, i.e. sex, race, population, poverty, etc.
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Anomie
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Durkheim; lack of norms or clear social standards, resulting in norm and role confusion.
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Chicago School/ Social Structure Theory
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crime as reaction to environmental factors, not personal traits or characteristics
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Conflict Theory
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Karl Marx; interpoersonal conflict and economic inequality used by those with social power to maintain/further their own ends
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ex post facto laws
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laws passed retroactively to punish acts more severely than before the laws passage
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Consensus View of Crime
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majority of citizens in society share common values and agree on what should be defined as criminal
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Conflict View
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criminal behavior defined by those in position of power to advance self-interest
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Interactionist View
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crime=crime because society labeled it so, those with social/legal power impose values on society as whole and thus define criminal behavior
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Code of Hammurabi
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most famous written laws, eye for an eye
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Mosaic Code
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Judeo-Christian foundation
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Precedent
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basis of common law, rule derived from previous judicial decisions and applied to future cases
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Statutory crimes
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crimes reflecting existing social conditions
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Social Goals
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retribution, deterrence, punishment, social order, equity, morality
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cross-sectional research
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diverse sampling of subjects, cross-section of community at the same point in time
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longitudinal/cohort research
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tracking development of same group of subjects over time
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