Criminology 105

Front 1

What are the 5 justifications for punishment?

Back 1

Retribution, Deterrence, Incapacitation, Rehabilitation, and Restoration

Front 2

Retribution

Back 2

deserved punishment for evil done

"you're going to get what's coming for you"

Front 3

General Deterrence

Back 3

by punishing one person, others will be less likely to commit a similar crime

"we're going to punish you so that you will serve as an example to others, so they will not do it"

Front 4

Specific Deterrence

Back 4

by punishing a particular person, that specific person will be less likely to commit another criminal act in the future

Front 5

Absolute Deterrence

Back 5

potential offenders are deterred totally by risk or severity of punishment

Front 6

Restrictive Deterrence

Back 6

potential offenders try to minimize the risk or severity of punishment

Front 7

Incapacitation

Back 7

the prevention of potential crime by physically restraining the offender

"we're going to punish you in such a way that you will be physically unable to victimize us"

Front 8

Rehabilitation

Back 8

the attempt to reform an offender

"we're going to place you under correctional supervision so that we can find out what your problems are and solve them"

Front 9

Restoration

Back 9

designed to repair the harm done to the victim and the community by the offenders act

Front 10

Recidivism

Back 10

the repetition of criminal behavior

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Front 11

Utilitarian

Back 11

focus on future criminal behavior

Front 12

Determinate Sentences

Back 12

specifies a precise period of time that the offender needs to serve

Front 13

Indeterminate Sentences

Back 13

offender is given a range of time he/she can serve

Front 14

Good Time Laws

Back 14

a reduction in time served by prisoners based on good conduct, conformity to rules, and other positive behavior

Front 15

Truth-in-Sentencing Laws

Back 15

legislative attempts to ensure that convicts will serve approximately the terms to which they were initially sentenced

Front 16

Presentence Investigate Report

Back 16

an investigate report on an offender's background that assists a judge in deterring the proper sentence

Front 17

Aggravating Circumstance

Back 17

any circumstances that may justify a harsher sentence

Front 18

Mitigating Circumstance

Back 18

any circumstance that may justify a lighter sentence

Front 19

Sentencing Disparity

Back 19

when people who commit similar crimes don't receive same sentence

Front 20

Sentencing Discrimination

Back 20

occurs when disparities can be attributed to extralegal variables

Front 21

Sentencing guidelines

Back 21

impose a predetermined sentence length based on crime severity and prior criminal record

Front 22

Mandatory Sentencing

Back 22

mandates clearly enumerated punishments for specific offenses

Front 23

Furman vs. Georgia

Back 23

Supreme Court rules that the death penalty, as administered, was unconstitutional

Front 24

Woodson vs. North Carolina

Back 24

Supreme Court deemed mandatory death sentences unconstitutional

Front 25

Gregg vs. Georgia

Back 25

Supreme Court rules that guided discretion statues were acceptable in death penalty cases

Front 26

Coker vs. Georgia

Back 26

Banned the use of death penalty for rape

Front 27

Tison vs. Arizona

Back 27

Allowed the death penalty for offender convicted of felony murder

Front 28

Atkins vs. Virginia

Back 28

Prohibited executing the mentally handicapped

Front 29

Roper vs. Simmons

Back 29

Forbade younger than 18 years of age when committed crime to the death sentence

Front 30

Reintergration

Back 30

preparing offenders to return to the community unmarred by further criminal behavior

Front 31

Diversion

Back 31

diverting those who qualify away from prison/jail and toward community- based sanctions

Front 32

The Low-Cost Alternative

Back 32

the high cost of incarceration is a strong motivator for some to support community based sanctions

Front 33

Intermediate Sanctions

Back 33

sanctions that are more restrictive than probation but less restrictive than imprisonment

Front 34

Fines

Back 34

money that offenders must pay to the court as punishment

Front 35

Day Fines

Back 35

fine amount is usually linked to the offender's daily income and each offense is assigned a certain number of punishment units

Front 36

Community Service

Back 36

a sentence requiring the offender to preform a certain amount of unpaid labor in the community

Front 37

Restitution

Back 37

sum of money paid by the offender to the victim in compensation for damages done

Front 38

Forfeiture

Back 38

when the government seizes property gained from or used in criminal activity

Front 39

Pretrial Diversion Programs

Back 39

the offender agrees to participate in a specified counseling or treatment program in return for withdrawal of the charges

Front 40

Shock Incarceration

Back 40

a short period of incarceration designed to deter further criminal activity by "shocking" the offender with the hardships of imprisonment

Front 41

House Arrest

Back 41

a community-based sanction in which offenders serve their terms of incarceration in their homes

Front 42

Decarceration

Back 42

reduction of inmate populations

Front 43

Maximum-Security Prison

Back 43

designed to house most dangerous offenders or repeat offenders

Front 44

Medium-Security Prisons

Back 44

typically contain a mix of violent and property offenders who are serving less than life sentences

Front 45

Minimum-Security Prisons

Back 45

house less serious offenders (ex. first time or non-violent offenders)

Front 46

Supermax Prisons

Back 46

house the "worst of the worst"

Front 47

Total Institutions

Back 47

sociologist Erving Goffman characterized prisons as total institutions where "all aspects of life are conducted in the same place and under the same single authority

Front 48

Prizonization

Back 48

the socialization process through which a new inmate learns the accepted norms and values of the prison culture

Front 49

Deprived Model

Back 49

adaption to prison life is a response to the deprivations imposed by prison life

ex. lack of heterosexual relations, lack of freedom, and lack of privacy

Front 50

Importation Model

Back 50

how inmates adapt to prison life is a result of characteristics and experiences inmates bring into prison with them

ex. race, ethnicity, age, martial status, history of

Front 51

Parole

Back 51

the conditional release of an inmate before his/her sentence has expired

Front 52

Pardon

Back 52

an act of executive lenience that overturns a conviction and erases mention of the crime from the person's criminal record

Front 53

Emergency Release

Back 53

releasing inmates from prison early due to overcrowding

Front 54

What are the forms of Temporary Release?

Back 54

work release, study release, and furlough

Front 55

Work Release

Back 55

daytime release of inmates from correctional institutions so they can work

Front 56

Study Release

Back 56

daytime release of inmates from correction institutions so they can attend school

Front 57

Furlough

Back 57

temporary release of an inmate from a correctional institution for a brief period for a visit home