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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 perspectives on human nature?
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Conformity, nonconformist, learning
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What is the strain theory?
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crime is committed by those who wish to achieve societal norms, don't have the means to do so, and turn to crime to fulfull them
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What is the conformity perspective? Which behavior theory does it represent the foundation of?
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views humans as wanting to do the "right" thing; humanistic
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Explain the nonconformist perspective.
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human beings are unruly and without society's rules and regulations they would commit crime indiscriminately.
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Social Control Theory
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crime occurs when an individual's ties to the conventional order/normative standards are weak or largely non exsistent.
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Explain the learning perspective.
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human beings are born neutral and learn all their behaviors from the social environment.
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What theory is the learning perspective closest to?
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Social Learning Theory
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What is the social learning theory?
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to understand criminal behavior we must examine perceptions, thoughts, expectancies, competencies, and values
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Differential association theory
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criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with other people; "bad company promotes bad behavior"
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What is the difference-in-kind way of looking at human nature?
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humans are distinctly different from animals and we would understand crime better on studies and theories based on human qualities; behaviors are generated by human cognitive processes
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What is the difference-in-degree way of looking at human nature?
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continuum consisting of all the animals; humans are intimately tied to their animal ancestry (ex: human aggression and violence is result of innate biological needs to obtain food, territory, status, or a mate.)
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Define Criminology.
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the multipdisciplinary study of crime
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What 3 aspects does social criminology look at? Give an example for each.
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examines the demographic and group variables related to crime (race); examines situational or environmental factors (kind of weapon used in crime); looks at unequal power distribution in society (unfairness in educational opportunites)
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What is the difference between Social Criminology and Psychological criminology?
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Social focuses on demographic and people who commit crimes as a whole. Psych focuses on one individuals behavior and mental processes
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What is forensic pyschology?
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the applications of psychological knowledge to the civil and criminal justice systems
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What are cognitions?
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attitudes, beliefs, values, and thoughts that a person holds about the environment, interrelations, human nature, and themselves.
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What is a developmental approach? And what is another name for these factors?
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it examines the changes and influences across a person's lifetime that may contribute to the formation of criminal behavior; risk factors
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What are 3 examples of risk factors?
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poor nutrition, the loss of a parent, substandard housing/education
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What can provide a buffer against risk factors?
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protective factors
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What is a trait? AKA?
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A trait is a relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way and it distinguishes one person from another; aka a disposition
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What is criminal profiling?
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the process of identifying things about the offender based on the characteristics of the crime
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How do psychiatrics views criminal behavior different that psychologists and why?
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They belive in a biochemical and neurological appraoch because of their medical background
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What is the psychodynamic approach? What human nature perspective is it closest to and why?
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human nature is explained in terms of motives and drives; belief that humans are innately antisocial and have to be held in check my internal/external forces.
the difference-in-degree persepective because humans are biologically driven to get what they want when they want |
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Who was the founder of psyschoanalytic/ psychodynamic tradition? What two men split from him to form new behavioral theories?
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Freud; Jung and Adler
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What is psychiatric crimology?
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interplay between psychobiological determinants of behavior and the social environment
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What percent of the US has been arrested for nontraffic violations?
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16-18%
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What are the 3 ways to measure crime:
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offical police reports (FBI, UCR), self-report studies, victimization studies
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What does the UCR database have?
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yearly police reports that contain national data broken down by age, sex, race, and offense
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What is a Supplementary Homicide Report?
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contains data on victim and offender demographics, the relationship between o and v, the weapon used, and the circumstances surrounding the homicide.
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What is the difference between Part1 and part2 crimes?
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part 1 (index) are more serious: murder, rape, larceny theft
part 2(non-index) are less serious crimes: disorderly conduct, vandalism, assults, drug crimes, fraud) |
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What is the crime rate?
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percentage of crim eknown to police per 100,000 populations
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What are the two ways of clearing an offense? What is this report called?
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1. when at least one person is arrested, charged, and remanded to court of prosecution
2. when something happens to an offender outside the control of the reporting law enforcement agency clearance rates |
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What is the hierarchy rule?
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when several crimes are committed by one person they record the most serious crime
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What is the benefit of the hierarchy rule?
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doesn't make it seem like there is more crime than there really is
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What is the disadvcantage of the hierarchy rule?
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losing data because the other crimes did occur
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What is the NIBRS? how does it categorize crime data differently from UCR?
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National Incident-Based Reporting System; Group A (more serious) and Group B(less serious; give more detailed info
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What kind of details does the NIBRS give that the UCR doesn't?
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the victim, the weapon, the relationship of victim to perpetrator, residence, time, use of force
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What is a possible view of people on the UCR based on its categorization of crimes?
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That street crimes are considered worse that white collar crimes
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What is the dark figure?
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ppl who commit crimes but don't get caught
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What % of crimes are committed but not accounted for by national system?
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72%
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Who wrote the social control theory? What are the 5 aspects to the theory?
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Hirschi; socialization process, attachments, committed, involved, beliefs
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How do self report studies get data? what % said they committed a jail-deserving crime and didn't get caught?
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surveys, etc. asking people about the crimes THEY have committed; 91%
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When did victimization surveys start and with what method? What is the most commonly known survey of this type?
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1992 as an interview method; National Crime Victimization Survey
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What are the problems with the self-report studies?
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People lie about the crimes they committed because they are worried about confidentiality or just think it is funny
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What are the problems with the victimization surveys?
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people are ashamed what happened to them or some people might have felt victimized when no actual crime occurred
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What is the definition of a juvenile delinquent and what are the typical age limits?
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A person who has not yet reached adulthood and has committed a crime; 12-18 (16 or 17 some states)
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What are social delinquents?
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someone who misbehaves but doesn't get arrested for a crime
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What is a status offense?
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behavior prohibited for juveniles only
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What is the most common type of juvenile offender? Give examples of their possible crime.
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status offender; breaking curfew, drinking underage, running away, skipping school
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What percent of juvenile arrests are for violent crimes?
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4%
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define conduct disorder:
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kids who engage in habitual misbehavior
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what 2 different times can conduct disorder occur? (give ages) Which is more problematic?
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adolescent onset(10+)
childhood onset (under 10 and more problematic) |
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Adults who had conduct disorder as a kid and continue that behavior end up diagnosed with:
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Antisocial personality disorder
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What percent of juvenile arrests are part 2 offenses? What percent are part 1 but nonviolent?
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75%, 21%
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What are the characteristics of a typical juvenile offender? (give ratios/percents)
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male (5:1), ages 15-17, white (79%)
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What race group make up 40%percent of violent juvenile crimes?
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african americans
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What percent report they have been victims at school? how does this divide into violent and property crimes?
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9%
2% violent 7% property |
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what are the main causal factors for school violence?
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accessibility to guns, bad home life/parenting, isolation in school, gangs
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What is agression?
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“Aggression is any form of behavior directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.”
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what are 2 examples of psychological harm?
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- verbally assaulting someone
- gossiping with the intention of damaging someone’s reputation |
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What would be a passive agressive behavior?
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indirect intent to harm someone; ex--not speaking to someone because you are angry with that person
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What are 2 different forms of agression?
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hostile and instrumental
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What is hostile agression?
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Aggression combined with feelings of anger; Crimes of passion
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What is instrumental agression?
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devoid of emotion
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What does Freud think about what we act agressively?
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Claims that aggression is instinctive & that society curbs our aggression; Also that one needs to release his/her aggression in socially appropriate settings
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What is Ethology?
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the study of animal behavior
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What are the to experiments conducted by ethologists to study aggression?
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rat & cat brought up together and have no hostility = not innate bc cat should chase rat
rats raised in isolation show hostility to a new rat = innate because they never saw aggression before |
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What does Berkowitz think about Ethologists point of view on aggression?
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he believes humans are more complicated than animals: they have cognitive processes that effect choices and interpret situations, learned behavior and biological predisposition, and are infinitly modifiable
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T/F Scientists have found genetically preprogrammed tendencies in human DNA
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F
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What did the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis state and is it still true today?
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Feeling frustrated always leads to aggression and aggression is (always) the product of frustration.
No |
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Define frustration
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the emotion that comes out when you have a goal but something comes in the way of your goal.
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What are the 3 factors that enhance frustration?
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the nearness of the goal, the legitimacy of the interruption, and the expectancy of the interruption
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What does Berkowitz's Weapons effect revise? What does it state? Give an example.
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- Revised the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
- States that something like the sight of a weapon acts as a conditioned stimulus and links to a schema and often leads to more aggression. |
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What does the social learning theory state?
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Aggression, like other behaviors, is learned through the processes of classical and operant conditioning.
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Give an example of reinforcement she had in lecture.
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Assigned roles to students.
- A teacher who must teach a task using shock as a punisher if the student gives the wrong answer - The learner -Through reinforcement, you can get more aggressive. They gave verbal praise for administering more intense levels of shock (being more aggressive). |
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2 examples of modeling given in lecture.
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Bobo doll and the elementary boys watching an action movie vs. a violent movie
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How are modeling and reinforcement connected in learning a behavior?
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Initially, the aggression is learned through Modeling. But whether or not that aggressive behavior in the child is maintained depends on the effects of reinforcement.
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Define cognitive script.
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ideas of how people should behave in an environment or what events should happen in a situation.
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What do cognitive theories deal with?
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what you're thinking
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what are 4 aspects of a person with a hostile attributional bias?
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- Quick to take offense
- More prone to aggression - Quick to interpret events/acts as hostile - Probably have learned through their experiences that acting aggressively is beneficial and rewarding to them |
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Who is more apt to develop a cognitive script that requires aggressive behavior?
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someone with a low IQ
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Why would someone act aggressively because they were aroused?
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Your ability to cognitively think rationally is minimalized so you resort to your most dominant response and act impulsively (aggressively)
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What does the Catharsis Hypothesis state?
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If you act in ways to release steam on a regular basis (i.e. running), then it would reduce the likelihood that you will act aggressively in the future. Keeping it all bottled up inside could negatively affect you psychologically.
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What does Donnerstein say about pornography and its relation to violence against women?
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Pornography in itself does not lead towards violence against women, but violent pornography does lead to more accepted ideas of violence against women.
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What did Eron and Huesmanns' study show about media violence? Why is their study interesting?
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The boys who watched a lot of violence when they were 8 yrs-old were more aggressive when they were older than the boys who did not watch a lot of violence in their youth. It was done over 22 years.
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Who is most prone to mimic media violence?
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young boys with a low income and bad parental role models
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What is true overall about heavy, extensive exposure to media violence?
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it is the leading cause of violence in the US and increases long-lasting aggression in both adults and children
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What kind of crime was John Hinkley's? What did he do?
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assassinated Reagan because he was reenacting the scene from Taxi with Jodi Fostor because he was obsessed with her.
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Explain the priming effect:
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- Thoughts can activate other thoughts and ideas which are related directly to behaviors
- If your aggressive thoughts are primed, they can be activated and trigger aggressive behavior |
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What is desensitization?
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numbing your response to aggression, etc. because repeated exposure makes it more normal
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What 4 aspects make media violence less apt to lead to acts of aggression?
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the person realized the violence isn't real
the person doesn't identify with the aggressor the aggression is punished the aggression is perceived as bad or unjustified |
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When punishing what must one properly gauge in order for the punishment to be effective? What would an improper gauge effects be in both directions.
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severity. if its not severe enough the child won't fear consequence..if its too severe the child might rebel
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What is low anger level punishment?
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- The punisher’s anger level must be low in order to be effective
- The punisher must remain calm so that it is not obvious that they got to them - Be slightly detached |
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How does one use low likelihood of rewards in punishment? When are rewards most effective?
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- Must prove that the behavior will not be rewarded
- Rewards are much more effective in getting the type of behavior desired |
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How does our society fall short of the "swift, severe, and certain" rule in punishment?
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Trials are not swift and there is no certainty that someone will punished if they committed a crime.
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3 ways to reduce aggression:
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punishment
model non-aggressive behavior build social skills and empathy for others |
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What is the "funneling down" effect in crime?
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the numbers get smaller as you get more concise...who committs crime,who gets caught, who get arrested, whos convicted, whos incarcerated
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What is the ratio of males to females arrested for violent crimes?
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9:1
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What was found on the correlation of race and delinquency?
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race affected seriousness of delinquency but not frequency
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Hate Crimes Statistics Act
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requires data collection of violent attacks, etc. against a person/group because of race, religion, sex or. ethnicity
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what is an intimate partner violence? how many are committed per year?
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about 1 million violent crimes are committed against persons by their current or former spouses, bfs/gfs
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what is a child deliquent?
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between the age 7-12 who committ a crime
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what are the 5 major categories committed by delinquents:
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unlawful acts against persons
unlawful acts against property drug offenses offenses against the public order status offenses |
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what is just world hypothesis?
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predicts that some victims of rape, assault, or homicide are assumed by many people to have goten what they deserved/asked for
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What is a theory?
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an integrated set of principles that describes, prdicts, and explains some phenomena
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psychodynamic model: who came up with it? aka? what is it?
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Freud; aka hydraulic model; human beings are susceptible from birth to a buildup of aggressive energy, which must be dissipated or drained off before it reaches dangerous levels
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What viewpoint would territoriality and ritualized agression fit under?
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ethological viewpoints
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what is ritualized aggression?
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when animals show their teeth, etc. to display their force
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How does evolutionary pyschology view aggression? what are its studies based on?
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aggression is not pathology but something normal, especially for men; the study of evolution of behavior using the principles of natural selection.
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Demand characteristics
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when a subject sees through a study and it changes the way they react
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excitation transfer theory
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based on the assumption that physiological arousal dissipates slowly over time
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displaced agression theory
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aggression that could not be let out towards a source of provocation is let out towards someone who is innocent or midly provokes the aggressor
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rumination
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self-focused attention toward one's thoughts and feelings
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what are the three major types of models according to Bandura?
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family members, members of one's subculture (peers, coworkers), symbolic models provided by media
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how much time does the average youth (2-18) spend with media per day?
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6 hours
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the contagion or copy cat effect is:
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tendency in some people to model or copy an activity portrayed in the media
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what are neurotransmitters?
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chemicals, manufactured in the brain, that are intimately involved in biochemical activity and transmission of messages in the nervous system
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which neurotransmitter has been found as the most significant role in aggression/violence?
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low levels of serotonin
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What is the problem with drugs to control aggression?
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they affect the transmitters which in turn affects many other behaviors, etc. not only the behavior of aggression
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What does the drug Depo Prevera do?
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it chemical castrates a male by reducing their sex hormones
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If an aggression center did exist in the brain what area would you find it?
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limbic system
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What three specific areas of the brain have been the center of research on aggression/violence?
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amydala, hypothalamus, temporal lobe
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what are sterotaxic procedures? why was it used?
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drilling a hole and inserting wires into the skull/brain for electrail stimulation; to examine the relationship between aggression and brain centers
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what is telemetry?
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basically a use of wireless communication to someone's head with a wire sticking out
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What did the Juvenile Court Act of 1899 state?
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a delinquent was a child under 16 who violated a law and it established the 1st juvenile court
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What did the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 state?
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it decriminalized certain offenses
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what is the "get tough" approach?
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1990-96 public demands harsher punishments; many states lower adult age and expand crimes
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define recidivism:
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commiting a crime again and getting re-arrested
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What 4 stratgies does the OJJDP recommend to reduce juvenile crime?
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strengthen family unit
promote delinquency prevention effective and immediate justice system response identify/control youths who are already serious offenders |
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Why was it illegal before 2005 to kill someone who committed a crime under the age of 18?
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because people were saying we were killing our nation's children
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What are 4 reasons why a juvenile should be "less guilty by reason of adolescence"
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1.maturity and peer influence
2.cognitive skills/not fully developed braings 3.limbic system: high levels of emotion and risk taking 4.prefrontal cortex not mature enough to make decisions and good judgments |
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What is a strong predictor of adolescent violence?
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poverty
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Why are richer kids more shielded from labels of delinquency?
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they have a better chance of getting off easier than impoverished kids
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Which model has the most influence during adolesence?
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peers
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What did the Juvenile Court Act of 1899 state?
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a delinquent was a child under 16 who violated a law and it established the 1st juvenile court
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What did the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 state?
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it decriminalized certain offenses
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what is the "get tough" approach?
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1990-96 public demands harsher punishments; many states lower adult age and expand crimes
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Lifecourse Persistent offenders male to female ratio
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10:1
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adolescent limited offenders
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juveniles who stop around age 18
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coerion theory; what is the predicter?
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learned that whining leads to giving in or fighting back; family environment
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most gangs are located where? what gender are there members (%)? what percent are caucausian?
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big cities, 90% male, 14%
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what do black gangs mainly deal with? give %. Hispanic?
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drugs (60%), territorial
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Who wrote becoming a gang member?
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felix padilla
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what is a neutron status and what does it relate to?
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it is hard to remain neutral in gang life
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how many single parent homes are there?
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12 million
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divorce rates have a negative correlation with what:
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socioeconomic status
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what are the 3 types of parental styles?
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authoritarian, permissive, authoritative
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what is authoritarian parenting style?
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to shape and control child's life
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what is permissive parenting style?
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no control and extremely few restrictions
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what is authoritative parenting style?
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rational, reasonable restrictions
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what 2 styles of parenting have been found by Snyder and Patterson to directly of indirectly contribute to delinquency?
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enmeshed and lax
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what is enmeshed parenting style?
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see an insane amount of minor behaviors as problematic and use ineefective, authoritarian and permissive styles.
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what is a lax parenting style?
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parents aren't attuned to what constitutes problematic behavior and allow much to slip by either because they don't believe its happening or they feel they can't do anything about it
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what is a developmental pathway?
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what humans follow that may be littered with risk factors; characteristics of it can be identified at a very early age
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define parental practices:
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strategies employed by parents to achieve specific academic, social, or athletic goals
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define parental styles:
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parent-child interactions characterized by parental attitudes toward the chld and the emotional climate of their relationship
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define parental monitoring:
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parents awareness of their childs peer associations, freeime activities, and physical wearabouts outside the home
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define language impairment; what does it lead to?
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problems expressing or understanding language; adult criminal activity and antisocial behavior
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what is the psychometric approach? What originated out of it?
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search for unique differences in individuals through pyschological tests; continues to be used by pyschologists and mental health professional; the term "IQ"
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what is psychometric intelligence (PI)?
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was preferred by some pyschologists to the IQ test
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what are the central 3 behaviors to ADHD?
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inattention, impulsivity, excessive motor activity
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When does a life-course persistent persons criminal behavior begin? does it continue? what type of criminal behavior? what developmental background do they have? academic skills? interpersonal and social skills?
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early beginning that continues throughout their life; assortment of behaviors; have neurological problems, ADHD, conduct problems; usually below average academic, interpersonal, and social skills
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When does a adolescent limited persons criminal behavior begin? does it continue? what type of criminal behavior? what developmental background do they have? academic skills? interpersonal and social skills?
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develops later and stops after reaching early adulthood; an assortment of criminal behaviors; they are usually normal and without neurological problems; usually have average to above average academic, interpersonal, and social skills
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