Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What is the forensic anthropologists role |
To assist forensic archaeologists and pathologist to identify, lift and transport human remains to the mortuary |
|
|
|
What state do human remains have to be in for forensic anthropologists to be called out |
Will be skeletonised, fragmented or badly decomposed |
|
|
|
What will a forensic anthropologist need to determine to make a profile of the deceased |
1. Human from non human 2. MNI 3. From a biological profile 4. Identify any traumatic incidents (trauma, cause of death) 5. Document any evident of pathology 6. Record any non metric traits 7. Private facial reconstruction (is necessary) 8. Send a hand tissue sample for DNA analysis |
8 |
|
|
Give 8 examples of international investigations |
1. The Karyn massacre investigation 2. Spanish civil war 3. Holocaust 4. Ethiopian red terror 5. Cambodia: The Killing fields 6. Argentine “Dirty War” 7. Yugoslav wars 8. Rwanda |
|
|
|
What are the 4 categories of human rights abuse |
1. Genocide 2. Crimes against humanity 3. War crimes 4. Crimes of aggression |
|
|
|
What is Genocide and crimes against humanity in general terms |
Crimes that are committed in a widespread and methodical way against a specific group with full knowledge on behalf of the perpetrators |
|
|
|
What types of acts are involved in crimes against humanity and genocide |
1. Murder 2. Torture 3. Systematic rape 4. Extermination 5. Slavery 6. Apartheid 7. Forced disappearances 8. Persecution of a group due to their political, religious or cultural affiliations |
8 |
|
|
What are war crimes and crimes of aggression |
International armed conflicted and non international armed conflicts - outlines appropriate conduct of combatants involved and type of weapons that are not allowed to be used |
|
|
|
What does legislation for war crimes and crimes of aggression intend to do |
- protect military personnel and civilian populations impacted by armed conflict - protect civilians from rake and other crimes - pierces individuals involved in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions |
|
|
|
What was the purpose of establishing international crimes tribunals |
Enabled human rights abuses to be investigated and tried in an impartial environment without fear of reprisals |
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of investigations into human rights abuses |
1. Criminal investigations - where evidence gathered will be used in court to persecute 2. Humanitarian investigations - where evidence is used to search for truth of what happened and identify victims, no intent to prosecute. |
|
|
|
What is retrieval of human remains referred to as under the two type of investigations for human rights abuses |
1. Criminal - excavation 2. Humanitarian - exhumation |
|
|
|
Working in an international context what skills do you need |
1. Now other languages 2. Personal immunology injections 3. Ability to drive 4. Professional demeanour 5. Good interpersonal skills 6. Confident and pleasant manner 7. Cultural/ ethnic sensitivity 8. Aware of human rights issues 9. Aware of international humanitarian law |
|
|
|
What does SOP stand for |
Standard operating procedures |
|
|
|
SOPs must be establish and agreed on for 13 investigative stages, what are they |
1. Site assessment 2. Sure prep 3. Site surveying 4. Excavation/ exhumation 5. Chain of custody of physical evidence 6. Commingled remains/ reassociation of fragments 7. Autopsy procedures 8. Recording methods 9. Storage 10. Tissue selection for destructive analysis 11. Standards adequate for personal identification 12. Method for assessing age, stature, biological sex and ancestry 13. Procedures for determining time that has elapsed since victim died |
|
|
|
ICTY case study |
- forensic archaeologists employed between 1997 and 2001 - former Yugoslavia - aim was to recover evidence that could be used in trials of criminals - data obtained was compiled into report then used during court proceedings - data helped disprove claims by military and politicians that certain grave contained remains of conflict combatants and not civilian casualties |
|
|
|
When did international persecutions of human rights abuses start |
After nuremberg military tribunal, international prosecutions didn’t occur until the 1990s |
|
|
|
When was the ICC established |
After the ICTY and ICTR tribunals and the ratification of the Rome statute in 2002 |
|
|
|
Where is the ICC based |
At The Hague in the Netherlands |
|
|
|
What does ICC stand for |
International criminal court |
|
|
|
What does the ICC have jurisdiction over |
Crime that are committed would wide that are deemed an international concern which has been committed after 2002 - if national courts are unwilling or unable to bring matters to court the ICC has the authority to and will step in to prosecute those responsible |
|
|
|
For crime that were committed before 2002 what is used to prosecute those involved |
Go back to ICTs |
|
|
|
Give examples of places in the world that are being officially investigated for international crimes |
1. Uganda 2. Democratic republic of Congo 3. Darfur Sudan 4. Kenya 5. Libya |
|
|
|
Give examples of place where investigations have taken place but not enough evidence we found to prove an international crime occurred |
1. Honduras 2. Korea 3. Venezuela |
|
|
|
Give 4 examples of ongoing preliminary examinations |
1. Colombia 2. Iraq 3. Nigeria 4. Palestine |
|
|
|
When did investigations by ICTY stop |
Still on-going - investigations have now turned into humanitarian investigations rather than criminal - focus on identifying recovered human remains through use of DNA - organisation leading this work is ICMP |
|
|
|
What does ICMP stand for |
International commission on missing persons |
|
|
|
What is a mass disaster |
Non intentional events E.g. 1. Natural disasters 2. Plane crashes |
|
|
|
What two major firms work on mass disasters |
1. Blake emergency services 2. Kenton international emergency services |
|
|
|
What are the two main reasons for investigating mass disasters |
1. Legal - identification is legal requirement so death certificates can be issued , wills written by diseased can be honoured, insurance claims can be settled and partners can remarry 2. Humanitarian - bring closure to families |
|
|
|
What are the two types of mass disasters |
1. Natural disasters 2. Human made - can be accidental or deliberate, can be a crime scene e.g. terrorism |
|
|
|
Name 9 forensic specialists |
1. Forensic archaeology 2. Forensic anthropologist 3. Forensic pathologist 4. Forensic dentists (odontologists) 5. Fingerprint specialist 6. DNA analysis 7. Medico-legal investigators 8. Funeral directors 9. Forensic managers |
|
|
|
What is the main aim of a mass disaster investigation |
Identify the victims rather than determine cause of death as that’s usually apparent or strongly suspected |
|
|
|
Who established the DVI process |
INTERPOL |
|
|
|
What does INTERPOL stand for |
International criminal police organisation |
|
|
|
What steps are taken at the disaster scene |
1. Devise appropriate system for search and recovery based on size and scope of event 2. Locate, recognise and recover remains especially those burnt and fragmented 3. Train search personnel to recognise human remains (usually volunteers) 4. Provide field assessment of state of remains 5. Record and recover evidentiary items that could explain cause of disaster 6. Record scene for later investigation |
6 D,L,T,P,R,R |
|
|
What happens when remains arrive at mortuary |
- triage station established - station container human remains were transformed in are radiographers - don’t to identify sharp metal or unexplored ordinance - forensic specialist sort human remains from material - recovered material allocated an evidence number - personal items allocated unique code that will link to human remains so when person is identified items can be returned to family |
|
|
|
What do forensic anthropologist do at the Mortuary stage |
1. Assists with triage of remains 2. Separate commingled remains 3. Describe incomplete or fragmentary remains and condition of remains 4. Determine biological sex, age, ancestry, stature, and other distinguishing characteristics 5. Interpret radiographs for age estimation and unique skeletal features 6. Determine MNI 7. Analyse trauma evidence and incident related injuries 8. Conduct quality assurance of remains before they are released to morgue |
8 |
|
|
What are recently deceased individuals identified by |
1. Finger/foot/hand/toe prints 2. Odontology 3. Radiology 4. DNA analysis 5. Permanently installed medical devices 6. Distinct physical characteristics e.g. tattoos, scars 7. Photographs of deceased |
7 |
|
|
Factors that influence the process |
1. Record keeping - developing nations tend not to have detailed records, easily accessible like west 2. Criminal activity - if crime took place before or during mass disaster, further investigation required 3. Multinational involvement - night involve individuals from different countries, can cause logistical and legal issue |
3 R,C,M |
|
|
Why did certain countries not get international assistance in the Asian tsunami |
Because they didn’t have any western nationals in the country |
|
|
|
What other methods were used for identification - Bali bombing |
Conducted fingerprint analysis and forensic biologist collected comparative DNA samples from victims |
|
|
|
What steps did they take for phase 3 - Bali bombing |
- initiated on 17 of October after list of missing person was released 5 days after incident - police collected ante mortem data from families, dentists, doctors etc and interviews friends and family - took pic of clothing and jewellery commonly worn by victims and used hair combs and toothbrushes for DNA extraction |
3 Initiated |
|
|
What happened for stage 4 in Bali bombing And date |
- antemortem and post-mortem data was matched to positively identify victims - occurred in 25th of October |
Data |
|
|
Phase 5 - Bali bombing |
- Bali DVI finishes operations on 15th feb 2003 - total of 202 victims from 21 countries - 199 positively identified including 88 Australians - 39 body parts linked to one individuals thought to have been bomber - unidentified |
Finished |
|
|
How many DVI teams went into Thailand to respond to the disaster (Asian tsunami) |
30 DVI teams - established INTERPOL protocols were followed |
|
|
|
Why was visual identification useless for the Asian tsunami disaster |
Bodies were too decompose |
|
|
|
Why were forensic anthropologists not used in the Asian tsunami disaster |
- would have required an alternation in protocol - DNA analysis was relied on, took a lot longer than it should have |
|
|
|
What does CIFA stand for and how was it established |
Centre for international forensic assistance - as a result of British forensic specialists working on Asian tsunami in Thailand CIFA was launched in 2006 to coordinate medical, scientific and techno quack component ms of mass disaster response teams - speed up process |
|
|
|
When did the Bali bombing happen |
12 October 2002 |
|
|
|
What county did the majority of casualties in the Bali bombing come from |
Australia - though that more than half were Australian |
|
|
|
What step were taken in phase 1 for the Bali bombing |
- treated as crime scene - victims systematically recovered and placed in cold storage - photographed and videoed scene and position of remains - remains located not only in buildings but surrounding area such as top of roofs - each piece of evidence and body part was allocated a unique identification number m, bagged and delivered to mortuary - personal effects (items) were collected, recorded and labelled |
|
|
|
What step were taken in phase 2 for the Bali bombing |
- due to lack of refrigeration units victims were placed under awnings connected to mortuary and covered in ice - remains logged and placed in storage until space and personal were able to examine them - bodies examined my pathologist, odontologists and anthropologist - focus on finding attributes that would enable identification rather than cause of death - face and body photographed clothes and unclothed - personal effects photographed - individual characteristics noted - however due to scale of disaster items became lost and not everything was returned to loved ones |
Lack |
|
|
Problem with visual identification - Bali bombing |
16 bodies were positively identified but 9 were incorrect - show you need other evidence to back it up |
|
