Cpce/ Nce Prep- Social & Cultural Foundations

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America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and or cultural background is known as

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Cross-cultural counseling, Multicultural counseling, and or Intercultural counseling

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Multicultural

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Implies that we Champion the idea of celebrating cultural diversity. Cultural pluralism is also used in the same manner. Cultural pluralism can also imply that certain groups has special needs such as women, this disabled, or senior citizens

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Culture refers to

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Customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups. Values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group. Attitudes, believe, art, and language which characterize members of the group

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Culture conflict

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Culture conflict manifest itself whenever a person experiences conflicting thoughts, feelings, or behaviors due to divided cultural loyalties. Or culture conflict is described as the difficulties that arise when persons of different cultures live in the same geographical area

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Macroculture or majority culture

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Refers to the dominant culture or the culture that it is accepted by the majority of citizens in a given Society

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Cultural relativity or cultural relativism

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A behavior cannot be assessed as good or bad except within the context of the given culture. The behavior must be evaluated relative to the culture

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The Multicultural counselor must assess

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The client's Behavior based on the client's own culture and not merely based on the counselor's culture. The meaning or desirability of a given Behavior, trait, or act is based on the culture

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Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client

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Belongs to a different culture from the helper

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Culture-bound values

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A barrier in which the counselor is bound to his or her own values and tries to impose them on the client

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In order to diagnose clients from a different culture

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The counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture

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Material culture

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Artifacts, books, paintings, homes, and tools

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Non-material culture

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Customs, values, humor, social ideas, or traditions

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Culture epoch Theory

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Suggest that all cultures like children pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing

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In the United States each socioeconomic group represents

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A separate culture

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Race

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Refers to the identification of individuals via distinct physical or bodily characteristics such as skin color or facial features. Race is based on genetic origin

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National culture

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A term used to describe the cultural patterns common to a given country

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Ideal culture

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The way individuals are supposed to behave

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Real culture

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Encompasses all behaviors within the culture even those which are illicit or frowned upon

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Counterculture

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When a group of persons vehemently opposes as the values of the culture

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Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement

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Eric Berne

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Emile Durkheim

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Considered one of the founders of modern sociology. He was also well known for his research into suicide. Dark time is said to have taken the group phenomenon beyond the armchair speculation into formal research

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William McDougall

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The father of Hormic psychology, which is a Darwin Viewpoint which suggested that individuals in or out of groups are driven by innate inherited tendencies

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___ and ___ would say that regardless of culture humans have an instinct to fight

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Freud and Lorenz

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Boyd believed that men were basically driven by the instincts of sex and aggression. Lorenz is another believer in the so-called innates aggression theory

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___ believe that aggression is learned. This child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior

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Social learning theorist

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The APGA which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA contributed to the growth of cross cultural counseling by

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The 1972 formation of the association for non-white concerns and personnel and guidance later known as the association's for Multicultural counseling and development

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Daniel Levinson proposed the theory with several major life transitions. He

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Wrote the 1978 classic seasons of a man's life and the sequel seasons of a woman's life in 1997. He also postulated a midlife crisis for men between the ages of 40-45 and for women approximately 5 years earlier

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Daniel Levinson's Theory

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The first transition is known as early adult transition occurs between the ages of 17 and 32 this is called the leaving the family stage. Next is age 30 Transit transition which takes place between the age of 28 and 33 and with the person attempts to make the dream reality. After this stage the man experiences as settling down period. Next comes the midlife transition between the ages of 40 and 45 the person questions dreams acknowledges that goals have not been met and morality becomes an issue. And age 50 transition which is the final transition called later adulthood between ages 60 and 65 where the individual makes peace with the world

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The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction

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Close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs

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Proxemics

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The study of the proximity, relates to the personal space, interpersonal distance, territoriality

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Propinquity

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Social psychologist refers to the tendency for people who are in close proximity to be attracted to each other

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The term contextualism implies

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Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

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Worldview

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A person's perception of his or her relationship to the world as a whole

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Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. She felt Kohlberg's theory did not delineate the fact that women Place more emphasis on caring giving and personal responsibility than men who focus more on individual rights and justice

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As she felt it was more applicable to males than females

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___ helped to abet the Multicultural counseling movement

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The Civil Rights Movement

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Arthur Jensen's views on IQ testing also known as Jensenism

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Try to prove that blacks have lower IQs due to genetic factors

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The tarasoff duty

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Based on the tarasoff case which resulted in the counselor's duty to warn an intended victim who might be the target of danger or violence

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When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case he or she is technically referring to

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The prognosis

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Prognosis

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Refers to the probability that one can recover from a condition

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When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a cycle therapeutic standpoint he or she is technically referring to

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Recommendations

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Some research suggests that very poor economic conditions correlate very highly with

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Aggression

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A wealth of research demonstrates that

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In most cases clients prefer a counselor of the same race in a similar cultural background

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The frustration aggression theory is associated with

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John Dollard and Neil Miller. The Dollard/Miller asserts that frustration leads to aggression

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Frustration occurs

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When an individual is blocked so that he or she cannot reach an intended goal or the goal is removed

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Albert Ellis the father of rational emotive behavioral therapy does not agree with the Dollard / Miller hypothesis

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He did not believe that frustration caused aggression. He maintains that frustration leads to aggression due to the client's irrational thought process rather than an automatic response patterns

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A popular balance theory in social psychology is ____ cognitive dissonance theory

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Festinger's

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Balance Theory

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Suggest that people strive for consistency / balance in terms of their belief systems. Individuals attempt to reduce or eliminate inconsistent or incompatible actions or beliefs

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Dissonance

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A state of incompatibility or inconsistenty in the belief system. Discord. Denial is often used to counteract dissonance

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Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that

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Culture provides individuals with standards of conduct

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A statistical Norm measures actual conduct while a cultural norm

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Describes how people are supposed to act

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Morals are beliefs

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Regarding the rightness and wrongness of behavior

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Mores and folkways

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Breaking mores or rules set by a group causes physical harm to others or threatens the existence of the group. Generally folkways result in embarrassment

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__ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on socio-cultural issues

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Frank Parsons- The father of guidance, who wrote Choosing a vacation

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A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling client in the Polar Regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be

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Universal culture and ecological culture

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Ecological culture

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Implies that cultural norms are often the result of practical and survival behaviors related to the climate or the resources in a given physical or geological environment

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Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by

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Universal culture

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Early vocalization in infants

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Is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe.

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William McDougall and Edward Alsworth Ross

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Helped to introduce social psychology in America

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Hormic psychology

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Individual as well as a group behavior is a result of inherited Tendencies to see goals

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Jacob Moreno

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Pioneered cycle drama and coined the term group therapy

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John Holland

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Stressed that a person's occupational environment should be congruent with his or her personality type

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Anne Roe

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Stated that jobs can compensate for unmet childhood needs

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Andrew Salter

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Pioneer in the behavior therapy creating a paradigm called conditioned reflex therapy and a behavioristic theory of hypnosis and auto-hypnosis