Corrections Midterm

Front 1

What are a variety of punishments that are more restrictive than probation but less stringent than imprisonment?

Back 1

Intermediate sanctions

Front 2

What are some characteristics of intermediate sanctions?

Back 2

Increased surveillance, tighter controls over non-incarcerated offenders, rapidly being adopted across the nation, and are innovative control schemes

Front 3

What is a court ordered condition of probation that requires an offender to repair the financial, emotional, and physical damage done, by making financial payment to the victim, or contribute to a fund to provide services to victims?

Back 3

Restitution

Front 4

What is a residential facility to which offenders who fall behind on their restitution payments are sent to live until they catch up on restitution payments?

Back 4

Restitution Center

Front 5

What is a form of fine based upon the court’s determination of how much punishment an offender deserves as measured by some unit other than money (such as days or months)?

Back 5

Day fine

Front 6

What is considered compensation for injury to society by forcing the offender to perform service to the community without pay. Usually referred to as court-ordered community work order?

Back 6

Community service

Front 7

What is the judicial process of increasing the number and conditions of punishment until the probationer is brought under the most effective control?

Back 7

Tourniquet sentencing

Front 8

What is a criminal court devoted to handling substance addiction cases?

Back 8

Drug court

Front 9

What is the purpose of a drug court?

Back 9

Reduce crime by changing defendants’ drug-abusing behavior through diverting defendants to appropriate treatment programs

Front 10

What is a drug court composed of?

Back 10

-A single drug court judge and staff who provide focus and leadership
-Expedited adjudication through early identification and referral of appropriate program participants

Front 11

What are some elements of a drug court?

Back 11

-Initiation of treatment as soon as possible after arrest
-Intensive treatment and aftercare for drug-abusing defendants
-Increased defendant accountability under a graduated series of rewards and punishments appropriate to conforming or violative behavior

Front 12

How do drug courts provide close supervision?

Back 12

-Monitor treatment progress
-Ensure offender compliance
-Require mandatory and frequent drug (and alcohol) testing
-Use supervised and individual case monitoring

Front 13

What is a surveillance program utilizing computer technology and devices that monitor the presence of offenders under home detection. It can be also used to detect alcohol and drug use, as well as the exact location of the offender outside the dwelling?

Back 13

Electronic Monitoring

Front 14

What is a non-confining residential facility for adjudicated adults/juveniles, an alternative to confinement suitable for those offenders where regular probation is not an option, and those needing a period of readjustment after confinement?

Back 14

Community Residential Treatment Center

Front 15

What are some characteristics of Community Residential Treatment Centers?

Back 15

-Clients receive more services and treatments than comparison
-Have significant impact with high risk offenders
-Increase the rate of failure for low risk offenders
-Provide client-needed services that are valuable in offender control and outcome

Front 16

What is a demanding program of intense, military-type discipline and conditioning employing physical exercise, basic education, life and work-skill development, and substance abuse treatment. Designed for juvenile and youthful offenders?

Back 16

Boot camps

Front 17

Why are boot camps producing the desired reductions in recidivism?

Back 17

-They tend to mix low, medium, and high risk offenders together
-Model aggressive behavior

Front 18

What is a major goal of prison administrators?

Back 18

Inmate labor does most of the maintenance and feeding services, but all prison programs serve the essential function of managing time

Front 19

What is it called when a custody officer is sick or takes a vacation he or she must be replaced by another corrections officer?

Back 19

Backfilling

Front 20

What represents about 10% of the institution’s budget, custody operates 24/7 for 365 days, and prisons not closing for religious or national holidays?

Back 20

Resources for treatment

Front 21

What is the process by which inmates are assigned levels of custody and security based on potential risk of: escape, violence, victimization, and suicide?

Back 21

Classification

Front 22

What are some advantages to classification?

Back 22

It will assign dangerous inmates to a high-security institution, and it will avoid misclassification of most inmates creating less inmate resentment

Front 23

What are some example of inmate education/training programs?

Back 23

-Literacy success decreases recidivism
-Some jurisdictions mandate literacy attainment as a pre-condition to parole

Front 24

What is vocational rehabilitation?

Back 24

Prison programming intended to improve education skills to prisoners and improve their employability once released from the institution

Front 25

What is a treatment approach to prevent relapse and recidivism by use of existing community services, and often it has a reentry plan to lower recidivism?

Back 25

Reintegration model

Front 26

What are some characteristics of the reintegration model?

Back 26

Ties between offenders, their families, and their employers need to be maintained
Offenders will be returning to their communities
Based on the belief that criminal behavior results from a lack of opportunity to succeed in legitimate activities in the community

Front 27

What is a formal release program?

Back 27

-Programs for education and work purposes
-Inmates are carefully screened for eligibility and risk level
-Inmates are required to reside in designated facilities
-Prisoners remain inmates while on release

Front 28

What is the purpose of jails?

Back 28

-Local (or combined with State) operated correctional facilities that confine people before or after conviction
-Inmates sentenced to jail usually have a sentence of one year or less

Front 29

What are some jail populations and characteristics?

Back 29

Felons and misdemeanant, First time and repeat offenders, Adults (male and female) and juveniles, Accused and convicted, Guilty and innocent, Those awaiting arraignment or trial, Conviction and sentencing, Probation, Parole, Bail bond violators and absconders

Front 30

What are some continuing jail characteristics?

Back 30

-More than half of the persons in jail are pretrial
-10% have been found guilty, but not yet sentenced

Front 31

What are some issues with jail overcrowding?

Back 31

-Improvement in physical facilities have been offset by overcrowding
-Rated capacity has increased to over 800,000
-More than 1 in 4 of the largest jails are under court order to limit populations

Front 32

Correctional education is designed to provide inmates with?

Back 32

Counseling casework

Front 33

What are some characteristics of convicted jail inmates?

Back 33

-More than half were under the influence of drugs or alcohol (or both) at the time of their current offense
-One-quarter had participated in a drug treatment program
-One-sixth had participated in an alcohol treatment program

Front 34

What are some ways in reducing overcrowding?

Back 34

-Conversion of old motels
-Using manufactured housing units
-Tent cities
-Leasing from other jurisdictions
-House arrest
-Electronic monitoring
-Double bunking
-Contract out (treatment programs)

Front 35

Who is in charge of the developing standards of criminal justice?

Back 35

The American Correctional Association

Front 36

What are some alternatives to jail?

Back 36

Fines (price-tag justice), weekend confinement, and community work orders

Front 37

What is a major issue in jail?

Back 37

Inmate mental health is the top concern and recommended that the government give more support in that area

Front 38

What refers to trying to solve the overcrowding problem by building more prison cells?

Back 38

"Bricks and mortar solution"

Front 39

What are some major effects on prison overcrowding?

Back 39

More difficult to enforce a classification system

Front 40

What are some characteristics of a supermax prison?

Back 40

-Violent, seriously disruptive, assaultive, and escape-prone inmates
-Including gang activists, who pose immense challenges to prison security and custody
-A prison having walls

Front 41

What are Security Threat Groups (STG)?

Back 41

Prison gangs; a criminal enterprise having an organizational structure and internal leadership, acting as an ongoing criminal conspiracy that uses violence and other criminal activity to continue

Front 42

What is the purpose of controlling contraband?

Back 42

-To control the introduction of articles that can be used for trading and gambling,
-To control the collecting of junk and the accumulation of items that make housekeeping difficult, and
-To identify medications and drugs and items that can be used as weapons and escape implements.

Front 43

What extreme measures do prison officials take to avoid escapes?

Back 43

Electrified fences

Front 44

What is the process of adapting to the culture of the prison?

Back 44

Prisonization

Front 45

What is a minimizing penetration into the criminal justice system through police, community, or court programs; which includes non-dangerous, mentally disordered, drug and alcohol abusers?

Back 45

Diversion

Front 46

What requires defendants awaiting trial to report to a supervision officer, and is an example of a court-based diversion program?

Back 46

Pretrial intervention programs

Front 47

What are some characteristics of a court-based diversion program?

Back 47

-Dismissal of pending charges based on satisfactory project participation and self-improvement
-Extension of the continuance to allow the program staff more time to work with the person
-Return of the defendant to normal court processing, without prejudice

Front 48

What kind of diversion is offered to offenders in which successful completion of probation allows the prosecutor or judge to cease prosecution if treatment program results in no conviction?

Back 48

Treatment in lieu of conviction

Front 49

What is referred to as legislation that funds local
community correctional programs designed to divert offenders from prison?

Back 49

Community corrections act (CCA)

Front 50

What are some reasons for intermediate sanctions?

Back 50

A larger number of persons at risk to commit crime and be incarcerated, the shift to conservative beliefs about how to deal with offenders and crime, the War on Drugs, and enactment of more stringent punishments

Front 51

Why are intermediate sanctions effective?

Back 51

-Channeling offenders into community-based corrections to reduce or delay prison overcrowding
-Designed for offenders that to pose too much risk for probation services but not enough risk for prison
-Less expensive than incarceration in either jail or prison
-Offer more rehabilitation and reintegration potential than incarceration

Front 52

What is a sentence whereby offenders serve at least some of their sentence in their own domicile?

Back 52

Home detention

Front 53

What is designed to give offenders a short “taste of the bars” followed by a period of supervised probation?

Back 53

Shock probation

Front 54

What is the process of leading managers to assign inmates to an institution?

Back 54

External classification

Front 55

What is the process of assigning inmates to types of programs, work, and cell locations?

Back 55

Internal classification

Front 56

What is the process by which inmate control and programming are changed?

Back 56

Reclassification

Front 57

What services are included in the treatment model?

Back 57

Vocational training, education, counseling, teaching, casework, religious activities, therapeutic communities, peer counseling, and clinical activities

Front 58

What education are most inmates able to receive through institutional programs?

Back 58

GED, two and four-year college levels

Front 59

What is a program of temporary leave from a prison for educational, work, or emergency purposes?

Back 59

Furlough (educational release)

Front 60

What is the primary focus of group interactions?

Back 60

To help the offender change those thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and actions that create the potential for and actual criminal behavior

Front 61

Who are offenders housed in a local facility, including those waiting for trial, those awaiting transport to a state or federal prison, and those convicted of a crime, usually punishable by less than one year?

Back 61

Jail inmates

Front 62

Who are considered inmates held in jail awaiting
transportation to a federal or state prison?

Back 62

"Holdback" jail inmates

Front 63

A jail inmate who is allowed to live at home during the week (usually to work) and who must report to jail to serve his or her sentence on weekends is considered?

Back 63

Weekender

Front 64

What is referred to as holding someone accused of a crime who cannot make bail?

Back 64

Pretrial jail incarceration

Front 65

What is considered to be any prison whose main products would be agricultural and whose institutional value is the foodstuffs and produce grown?

Back 65

Agricultural prison

Front 66

What are low-security facilities organized around work on the exterior of the prison facility?

Back 66

Work camps

Front 67

What is the initial process by which offenders are assigned to level of custody, work assignment, and treatments?

Back 67

Initial classification

Front 68

What is the process by which offenders are assigned to types of custody and treatment programs, based on such factors as offense category, escape potential, substance abuse patterns, previous experience with the criminal justice system, and etc?

Back 68

Classification process

Front 69

What is the basic and mandatory functions for assigning prisoners to support institutional objectives?

Back 69

Institutional needs

Front 70

What helped reinforce correctional administrators’ perceptions of offenders as morally, psychologically, physically, and educationally inferior human beings?

Back 70

Restraint and reformation

Front 71

What is a “go-slow” approach to design and implementation of new programs?

Back 71

Gradualism approach

Front 72

What is implementing programs without a systematic, rational scheme considered?

Back 72

Isolationism and withdrawal