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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Microbes: Commensal vs Pathogens
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Commensal: harmless (can even be helpful)
pathogen: harmful to humans |
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Viruses
require what? Made up of; |
- require a Host cell to replicate
- DNA/RNA + Protein |
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Bacteria:
Classified how? Treated with? |
Classified by how they look.
Antibiotics, but resistance is a problem |
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Fungi.
Eukaryotic or Pro? Who is susceptible to fungi diseases? |
Eukaryotic.
The immunocompromized or those with serious diseases. |
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What species from musquitos cause malaria?
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Plasmodium. (protozoa)
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Innate Immunity vs Adapted Immunity
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Innate: Ready to go, rapid. Not particularly specific
Adapted: realm of lymphocytes, very specific but slower to begin. Very important for getting rid of disease |
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The pluripotent hematopoetic stem cell gives rise to two lineages of cells:?
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Myeloid and Lymphoid Lineage
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myeloid lineage gives rise to the following cells:
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platelets, erythrocytes (RBCS), neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells
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lymphoid lineage gives rise to :
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t cells, b cells, NK cells, dendritic cells
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What leukocytes are granular leukocytes? What does granular mean?
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Basophils, Neutrophils, eosinophils. They have granules inside of them that can be released to attack.
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Neutrophils
Comprise X% of peripheral blood leukocytes: Half Life:? Most effective at killing ...? How do they kill? |
60%.
Seven hours Bacteria. Phagocytosis and granule release (toxic) |
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Basophils and Mast Cells.
Important for: Comprise X% of peripheral blood leukocytes: |
Allergic Reactions
0-1% Very little |
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Eosinophils.
IMportant for what kind of infection:? Comprise X of peripheral blood leukocytes? |
Parasitic Infections
0-5% |
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List the agranular leukocytes
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Monocytes, Dendritic Cells, T cells, B Cells, NK cells
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What happens to a monocyte when it enters a tissue?
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Differentiates and Becomes a macrophage.
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Dendritic Cells are often called "____ Presenting cells"
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Antigen
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What do dendritic cells do?
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They enter tissue and are phagocytic. THey mature and migrate to lymphoid tissue activating antigen specific T-lymphocytes by presenting the antigen.
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Natural Killer cells are part of which immune syste? Innate or adaptive?
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Innate
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NK Cells are activated by?
NK cells attack pathogens by:.. |
IL- 12
Releasing the large granules they contain; spilling out and killing cells |
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Lymphocytes.
FCN: Two major types based on site of differentiation: |
FCN: Perform specific immune response
2 types: T (thymus) B (Bone marrow) |
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What are some different mechanisms of defense in innate immunity?
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1. Epithelial Barriers
2. phagocytosis 3. Compliment proteins 4. NK cells |
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What are complement proteins?
two functions? |
A series of proteins in the blood, made primarily in the liver, that that work as a cascade, helping to destroy bacteria.
1. It coats bacteria with a molecule called C3b and the bacteria gets phagocytosed more easily 2. They also lyse cells |
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What are some defense mechanisms against pathogen entry into the body?
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epithelial cells of the skin, Mucosa, lysozymes in tears, acid in stomach
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How do macrophages find and eat bacteria?
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Macrophages contain many receptors for many bacterial constituents, including:...
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When a bacteria binds to a macrophage, this initiates a :
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Inflammatory response through the release of cytokines and lipid mediators of inflammation.
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Describe the three step process of innate immunity?
Where does the specific response immunity differ? |
Infection --> Recognition by nonspecific effectors --> Removal of infectious agents
Specific Immunity: Infection --> trasport of antigen to lymphoid tissue --> Recognition by naive B and T cells--> After b and t cells recognize the antigen, they can differentiate and proliferate! |
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Two types of specific/adaptive immunity:
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humoral( b lymphocytes and Cellular (T lymphocytes)
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What is humoral immunity?
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B lymphocytes release antibodies into the blood
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B and T cells both have ...
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antigen specific receptors
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Every B cell circulating in the body has a different, unique...
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antibody
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Allelic Exclusion
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only one antigen specificity per lymphocyte
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B Cell receptor is called what?
It can recognize what types of molecules? T cell receptors can only recognize? |
B cell receptor is called "immunoglobin receptor". It can recognize any carbohydrate or protein.
T cell receptor can not recognize a full foreign antigen. It can only recognize a peptide fragment of another molecule |
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CD8 T cells recognize MHC class X
CD4 recognize class X |
CD8 - Class 1
CD4- Class 2 |
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Clonal Selection:
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When a naive lymphocyte cell meets up with an antigen--> it proliferates and differentiates
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Life cycle of an immune cell:
naive cell -->?--> |
Proliferation/Differentiation --> Effector
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What is a CD8 cell?
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Cytotoxic T cell. Will actually recognize and kill a viral cell
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What is a CD4 cell? There are two types?
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Also a T cell. th1 and th2.
th1: it can interact with a macrophage and phagocyte and get the macrophage to be activated and kill the bacteria th1 and th2: can interact with B cells to stimulate production of antibodies |
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How is immune response different when an antigen is introduced for a second time?
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Immune response is faster and more potent.
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In order for a lymphocyte to be activated, there needs to be :
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two signals
1. Recognition of an antigen with the antigen specific receptor 2. MOlecule induced by presence of microbe signaling for proliferation and differentiation |