Cons Bio Exam 2

Front 1

Neoendemic

Back 1

Species that occupies a small area because it has only recently evol ed from a closely related species.

Front 2

Paleoendemic

Back 2

Ancient species with a narrow geographical range and no closely related extant species.

Front 3

Allee effect

Back 3

Inability of a species social structure to function once a population of that species falls below a certain number or density of individuals.

Front 4

Red list criteria

Back 4

Quantitative measures of threats to species based on probability of extinction.

Front 5

Extirpated

Back 5

Local extinction of a population.

Front 6

Extant

Back 6

Presently alive. Not extinct.

Front 7

Extinction debt

Back 7

The inevitable extinction of many species in coming years as the result of current human activities.

Front 8

Island biogeography model

Back 8

Formula for the relationship between island size and number of species living on the island.

Front 9

Globalization

Back 9

Increasing interconnectedness of the worlds economy

Front 10

Shifting cultivation

Back 10

Aka slash and burn. Farming method that involves cutting down trees, burning them, planting crops, then leaving when soil fertility declines.

Front 11

Edge effect

Back 11

Altered envirronmental and biological conditions at the edges of fragmented habitats

Front 12

Biomagnification

Back 12

Process in which toxins become more concentrated in animals at higher trophic levels.

Front 13

Eutrophication

Back 13

Process of degradation in aquatic environment caused by nitrogen and phosphorous pollution and characterized by algal blooms and oxygen depletion.

Front 14

First wave of 6th M.E.

Back 14

40,000 AMH out of Africa hunt megafauna.

10,000 development of agriculture.

Front 15

How did agriculture drive extinction?

Back 15

Manipulation of wild species (domestication) and habitats for human use.

Humans can now exist independent of their ecosystem.

Pop size doesnt adhere to ecosystems carrying capacity.

Front 16

Second wave of 6th M.E.

Back 16

500 ybp. Rise of globalization. New hunting technology. Affects life on many fronts (oceans, islands, etc.)

Front 17

Third wave of 6th M.E.

Back 17

1970 - present. Wide variety of species threatened. Overexploitation rampant.

Front 18

Why do we need to estimate extinction rates?

Back 18

Observed extinctions not likely representative of all species.

We don't know rates for most organisms.

We want to predict/prepare for the future!

Front 19

Uncertainty in extinction rates.

Back 19

Wait to officially declare species extinct.

Species near extinction may exist at low density, be under the radar.

Technically not extinct but not reproducing.

Front 20

List the 5 major factors that make a species vulnerable to extinction.

Back 20

Narrow geographical range.

Small pop. size/ Low density.

Rare habitat/single location.

Declining pop. size.

Huning/harvesting.

Front 21

3 components of rarity.

Back 21

Species have narrow geographical range, small population or low density, and are found only in rare habitats or a single location.

Front 22

Why do declining populations decline more?

Back 22

Intactable problems: declining due to threats that are difficult to reverse, like habitat loss.

Small pop size: genetic bottlenecking and demographic issues.

Front 23

Intrinsic factors making a species vulnerable to habitat change.

Back 23

Species with large home range.

Seasonal migration.

Species are not effective dispersers.

Little genetic variability.

Species typically found in pristine environment.

Specialized niche requirements.

Front 24

Intrinsic factors making species vulnerable to overexploitation.

Back 24

Species that form temporary or permanent aggregations.

Have no prior contact with people.

Large body size.

Close relatives threatened with extinction.

Front 25

5 criteria for IUCN red list evaluation

Back 25

Observable reduction in numbers of individuals.

Total geographical area occupied.

Predicted decline in number of individuals.

Number of mature individuals alive.

Probability of extinction within a certain number of years/generations.

Front 26

3 main effects of habitat fragmentation.

Back 26

Reduced area of patches

Increased isolation

Edge habitats (effects)