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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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state
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-totality of institutions, officials, laws and procedures that structure activity
-monopoly on legitimate use of force -has legitimacy and autonomy |
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autonomy
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independence of state from population or politically dangerous groups
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purpose of the state
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varies between ideologies, from Hobbes (provide security) to Locke (guarantee life, liberty, property)
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strength versus scope
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Fukuyama. Cold war era judged states on their scope. Big focus on reducing scope.
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state scope
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functions and goods taken on by government. measured by tax rates, number of institutions, % of employment by the government
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state strength
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measured by rule of law (crime levels, civil conflict), effectiveness, autonomy (limited corruption), legitimacy
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Decreasing scope results in...
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1) Decreased strength
2) Created new demand for state capabilities that were weak or non-existent 3) Led to neopatrimonial states |
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neo-patrimonial states
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Governing by those with personalistic ties to government. Not autonomous. Examples: Machine politics of the 19th century, Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire
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bureaucratic-rational states
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Bureaucracy separate from private sector. Rule of law applies to EVERYONE. Private industry subordinate to state.
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state-building
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government takes control, defines borders, makes bureaucracies
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European state-building
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15th to 19th centuries: lack of centralized political power (anarchy) and high population density (competition for resources) led to WAR and lots of it.
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Results of warfare state in Europe:
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1) Forces entities to find ways to collect people and resources
2) Administrations formed to organize 3) Taxes paid, creating accountability and representation in government 4) Badly-organized governments were defeated and taken over 5) Nationalism!! |
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African state-building (Herbst)
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Low population density + inhospitable land (dry, rainforests, no rivers, wild animals) = no need to fight and define borders.
Berlin Conference of 1884 - 1885, no conflict over land. Only used land for trading purposes, so no buildup of infrastructure (except South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Algeria). Cities on coastlines. Lacked legitimacy, but sovereignty became accepted. Foreign aid = no need to tax |
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Weak/failed states (Rothberg)
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failed state: no longer able to perform the function of a nation-state in the modern world. deliver resources to people, etc. (ex. Afghanistan, Sudan, DRC)
Measure weakness/failure by turning around criteria for state strength. |
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Collapsed state
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Total vacuum of authority, substate actors like warlords take over (Somalia)
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Difficult to define weak/failed state
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Sri Lanka: civil war for 19 years, and at one point, Tamils controlled 15% of land. BUT, robust levels of economics, and medical and education services delivered.
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nationalism
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goals for action, political dimension, uniqueness of people
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nation
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group of people with a national identity who share a claim to land
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ethnic nationalism
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rooted in ancient cultural traditions, attributes like language, region, history etc. ex, German unification, break-up of Yugoslavia
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civic nationalism
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rooted in political principles, like American Revolution, French Revolution
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Hypernationalism
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Extreeeeeme nationalism! Hating on minoritiess...Nazi Germany!
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Good things about nationalism
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1) Democratic sense, popular sovereignty
2) Preservation of unique cultures |
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Bad things about nationalism
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1) democratic values don't necessarily mean democratic government
2) hatred for minorities (Jews, Kosovo-Albanians) 3) Invoking more violence 4) Creates barriers where they don't exist |
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Irredescent movements
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Movements across countries, like the Kurds
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Secessionist movements
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break off from country! Somaliland, Quebec, Confederate States of America
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primordialism
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nationalism that primarily comes from ancient hatred
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elite manipulation
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Snyder, elites manufacture nationalism for their own purposes. American Revolution, Milosovich in Yugoslavia
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democracy
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Sodaro definition: people determine who governs, and certain rights and freedoms are guaranteed.
Translation: "rule of the people" |
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Sodaro's Democratic Values
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freedom, equality, equity, tolerance, cooperation, inclusion, peaceful resolution of disputes, trust, respect, reciprocity, welfare, security
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three tensions of democracy
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1) indirect/direct rule
2) majority rule/minority rights 3) economic/political democracy |
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indirect/direct rule
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direct rule impossible except in very small areas.
incoherent policy, people don't give a shit about politics referendum, initiative |
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majority rule/minority rights
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include third parties to include voice of minorities, but then results aren't what majority of people want
consociational democracy for places with big minority populations |
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consociational democracy
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For places with strong minorities that will always be minorities.
Parliamentary, PR, federalism, maybe judicial review. values: pragmatic compromise, toleration Lightheart |
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economic/political democracy
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need economic equality for democracy to work (too much income inequality makes democracy unstable, BRAZIL)
freedom vs. equality |
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is democracy a universal value?
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Amarta Sen
1) government has incentive to help people in democracy against things like famine 2) public opinion (everyone LIKES democracy, but most unstable countries want government to protect order first) 3) cultural values apply everywhere (Confucian values) Democracies don't go to war with each other! |
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democratization
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transition between non-democratic and democratic governments
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measuring democracy (political)
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Chose own leaders.
Electoral process, political pluralism and participation, functioning of government (effectiveness) |
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measuring democracy (civil liberties)
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Freedom of expression, belief. Associational and organizational rights, rule of law, personal autonomy.
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liberal democracy
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both institutions of democracy and liberties (UK, US)
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electoral democracy
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No civil liberties, but fair elections and democratic institutions
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illiberal democracy
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competitive authoritarianism - institutions set up, but they're canoodled by people in charge. Chavez, Africa
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Three waves of democracy
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first wave: 1826 - 1926
backlash: 1922 - 1942 second wave: 1943 - 1962 backlash: 1958 - 1975 third wave: 1974 - 1990s backlash: now? |
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First Wave
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US abandons property requirement in 1828. Spreads to Europe (Britain, Scandinavia, Argentina). Many places still authoritarian.
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First Backlash
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1922, Mussolini marches on Roma. Interwar years.
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Second Wave
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Germany, Japan, Latin America. Decolonization led to brief democratization
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Second Backlash
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Africa, Latin America
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Third Wave
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Portugal ends dictatorship. Latin America (1980s), some Asian countries. Collapse of soviet union
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Third Backlash
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States going to competitive authoritarianism rather than straight up authoritarianism.
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Correlates of democracy
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Economic development, effectiveness of state and institutions, international pressures
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Economic development (correlate of democracy)
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1) more complex economies = wealth distributed = dictator can't keep good hold
2) Large middle class = want to protect liberal freedoms 3) stabilizes regimes (if economy is bad, people can't mobilize) 4) big pie = more to go around, sooths distributional conflicts |
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Effective state/institutions (correlates of democracy)
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Snyder says no! and that you need values first. Carothers says otherwises. You'll be waiting FOREVER for values.
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International pressures (correlates of democracy)
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globalization (harder for dictators to limit media with current technology)
foreign pressures (Burma gets heat from China. NGOs, Amnesty, international organizations, Freedom House) External imposition of democracy: 50% fail after 30 years, most successful are the post-colonial ones (Enterline/Grieg) |
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Sodaro's Prerequisites for Democracy
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1. Elites committed to democracy
*2. State institutions 3. National unity *4. National wealth 5. Private enterprise (boo!) 6. A middle class 7. Support of the disadvantaged for democracy 8. Citizen participation, civil society, democratic political culture 9. Education and freedom of information *10. Favorable international environment |
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authoritarianism
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small group of people exercising power over group without being constitutionally responsible to the people
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totalitarianism
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elimination of all political plurality, more extreme and IDEOLOGICAL (Hitler, Stalin, Cultural Revolution, modern North Korea)
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bureaucratic authoritarianism
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Not ideological based. Justifies by saying that they could improve the country somehow. (Brazil 1964 - 1985, Argentina in 1960s, 1976 - 1983)
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Types of authoritarianism
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Personal rule (Stalin), military rule (Burma), One-party rule (Nazis), competitive authoritarianism (Chavez, Russia, Belarus, Africa[Uganda])
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Why does authoritarianism still persist?
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1) Economics (communism, distribute wealth, easier to manage wealth with less gridlock)
2) Natural resources (no need to tax people, no promise of representation) 3) Cultures incompatible with democracy (Huntington) |
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presidentialism
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1) US exemplar
2) separation of branches 3) Head of state = head of government (directly elected) 4) Fixed terms |
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parliamentarism
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1) UK as exemplar
2) fusion of powers -> legislature picks PM 3) no fixed terms (snap elections, vote of confidence) 4) majoritarian/coalition government |
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Majoritarian government
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One party has over 50% of seats. Efficient.
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Coalition government
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Parties have to combine to get over 50% to elect executive positions. Compromise.
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semi-presidentialism
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1) France exemplar
2) Directly elected, fixed-term president 3) PM and cabinet responsible to parliament 4) Level of political power depends on climate (sim. paries = prez more powerful. divided gov = PM more powerful) |
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Problems with Presidentialism
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1) winner-take-all (versus coalition)
2) inflexible (fixed terms) 3) separation of powers = gridlock, incoherent policy 4) personality politics |
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Problems with Parliamentarism
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1) Instable (no fixed terms)
2) PM lacks legitimacy 3) lack of accountability 4) maj gov = oppressive? |
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single member district
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1) one member per district
2) winner gets whole seat * -manufactured majorities -2 party system (Duverger's Law) -government formed by one party -leaves out minorities |
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proportional representation
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1) multiple members per district
2) vote for a party list (open or closed) 3) coalition governments popular 4) threshold for entry * -Multiparty system -Extreme parties -party leaders very influential -coalition gov't, lots of bickering |
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civil society ONE
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-people involved in wider world
-values: trust, reciprocity, tolerance -horizontal relationships, no vertical heirarchy -civil engagement |
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civil society TWO
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-keep government in check, undermine authoritarianism
-Italian Marxists -definition: society minus the state -Islamic civil society (Muslim brotherhood, recruit kids, not in government) |
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Civil society always positive?
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-East Germany had lots of it
-Nazis, can undermine democracy too (CS2) -KKK -form of civil society changed |
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Does civil society matter in US now?
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Democracy is very secure!
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Duverger's Law
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Number of parties is one more than number of seats being contested
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Social capital
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networks, norms, social trust, facilitate cooperation for mutual benefit
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