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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Community
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a grouping of people residing in a specific locality who interact and connect through a definite social structure to fulfill a wide range of daily needs
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what are the 4 components of community
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people
location in space social interaction shared values |
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what does community nutrition strive to improve
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health, nutrition, and well-being of individuals and groups within communities
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community nutrition uses ____________ and _________ to seek __________ changes to improve nutritional ________ and _________
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community nutrition uses policies and programs to seek behavior changes to improve nutritional status and health
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people
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individuals who will benefit from community nutrition programs and services
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policy
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course of action chosen by public authorities to address a given problem, accomplished through laws, regulations, and programs
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programs
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instruments used to seek behavior changes that improve nutritional status and health
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public health focuses on _________, __________, and _________________________ through ________________, _______________, and ______________
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public health focuses on protecting, promoting, and restoring people's health through applications of science, practical skills, and collective actions
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what does the public health scope include?
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infectious diseases and chronic diseases
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what does public health emphasize?
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preventive health measures
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what are the top 3 leading causes of death in the US?
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1. heart disease
2. cancer 3. chronic lower respiratory disease (lung disease) |
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define "health" and who defined it?
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defined by World Health Organization as:
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease. its the physical, mental, and spiritual capacity to live life to the fullest capacity |
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how is "good health" achieved?
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biology and genetics; lifestyle; living, working, and social conditions; community conditions; and background conditions
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health promotion
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focuses on lifestyle (Behavior) change to work toward optimum health.
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intervention
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a health promotion activity which focuses on promoting health and preventing disease
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what are the 3 types of prevention efforts
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primary prevention
secondary prevention tertiary prevention |
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primary prevention
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preventing disease by controlling RISK FACTORS
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secondary prevention
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detecting disease early through SCREENING and other forms of risk appraisal
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tertiary prevention
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TREAT AND REHABILITATE people with illness or injury
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what is the international goal of health objectives?
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the goal of the world community is to "protect and promote the health of all people of the world"
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Healthy People
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national strategy for improving the health of the nation
released by US Dept of Health and Human Services each decade provides a framework for promoting health and avoiding preventable disease |
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when was Health People 2010 released?
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released in 2000
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how have we done with the Healthy People 2010
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obesity continues to rise
little progress on physical activity some progress on calcium intake health disparities continue little or no improvement in dietary fat intake or consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains |
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healthy people 2020
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builds up accomplishments and challenges of meeting Healthy People 2010
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what are the goals of healthy people 2020
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attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups create social and physical environments that promote good health for all promote healthy development and healthy behaviors across every stage of life |
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what are the leading health indicators of healthy people 2020
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lifestyle indicators
health system indicators |
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healthy people 2020 nutrition-related objectives
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healthy weight
intake of nutrients (fat, sat. fat, and calcium) intake of foods (Fruits, veggies, whole grains) targets for prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia worksites offering nutrition or weight management counseling reducing food borne illnesses |
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community nutrition
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any nutrition program whose target is the community, whether the program is funded by the federal government or sponsored by a private group
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public health nutrition
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community-based programs conducted by a government agency whose official mandate is the delivery of health services to individuals living in a particular area
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what are public health nutritionists
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have a solid background in the nutrition sciences with at least a bachelor's degree
licensure or certification protects the public focus on normal nutrition provide nutrition services, programs, and interventions |
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entrepreneur
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an enterpriser, innovator, initiator, promoter, and coordinator
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intrapreneur
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the corporate employee who is creative and innovative
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creativity and innovation
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assist the community nutritionist in achieving the broad goal of improved health for all
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social and economic trends for community nutrition
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an aging population
generational diversity increasing demands for nutrition and health care services increasing ethnic diversity challenges of the 21st century lifestyle increasing awareness of environmental nutrition issues global environmental challenges for public health |
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food insecurity
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problem of poverty.
food is available but not accessible to the poor who don't have land or money 16% of the developing world's population suffer from chronic undernutrition (found in countries that can neither produce enough food nor earn enough to import it) nearly 25% of the world's population suffers some form of malnutrition |
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what are the 4 steps of the vicious circle of malnutrition
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body can't digest food --> diarrhea --> body doesn't get enough food --> malnutrition --> body can't digest food --> etc.
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Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
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most widespread form of malnutrition in the world
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2 types of PEM and what they are exactly
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kwashiorkor- inadequate protein intake (big tummy)
marasmus- inadequate food intake (starvation) |
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accute PEM
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they are thinner
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chronic PEM
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shorter because stunted growth
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what are the 3 biggest micronutrient deficiencies?
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iron, vitamin A, and iodine
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who are the most vulnerable to these deficiencies and which of these two are the most susceptible?
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women and children but mostly children because they need more nutrients
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vitamin A deficiency
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blindness, infection, diarrhea
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iron deficiency
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decreased cognitive ability and resistance to disease
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iodine deficiency
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mental retardation (cretinism) and goiter
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zinc deficiency
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growth failure, weakened immunity
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what is the leading cause of disease?
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hunger
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what is the leading cause of malnutrition?
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poverty
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what are the effects on children and pregnant/lactating women for malnutrition?
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inadequate weight gain during pregnancy
low birthweight children are stunted higher infant and under-5 mortality rate |
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what are the economic burdens of malnutrition and hunger
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direct health-related expenses
lost productivity and income stunted physical and mental development |
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colonialism
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removal of raw materials for industrial use
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UNICEF Child survival plan- GOBI
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growth monitoring
oral rehydration therapy promotion of breastfeeding timely and appropriate complementary feeding immunization |
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food security
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access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life
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food insecurity
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limited or uncertain ability to acquire or consume an adequate quality or sufficient quantity of food in socially acceptable ways
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who are the food insecure?
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the poor
the working poor the young ethnic minorities older adults inner-city and rural dwellers certain southern and western states farmers the homeless |
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what is the highest identified reason for food insecurity and hunger?
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poverty
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welfare reform (1996)
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income-based support system changed to work-based
encouraged self-sufficiency 5 year limit on benefits initiated |
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what is responsible for administering 15 food assistance and distribution programs?
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USDA
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what are some current food assistance programs
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supplemental nutrition assistance program (SNAP) formerly Food Stamp Program
commodity supplemental food program (CSFP) -direct food distribution program food distribution program on indian reservations -commodity foods and nutrition education the emergency food assistance program (TEFAP) -commodity foods to distributing agencies nutrition services incentive program -commodities to distribution centers for elderly food distribution disaster assistance -food to relief agencies during emergencies national school lunch and breakfast programs -assist school for meals after school snack program and special milk program |
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food banks
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provide donated food to nonprofit and charitable groups
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prepared and perishable food programs
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commercial establishments donate uneaten prepared foods
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community food security
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community gardens, food recovery, gleaning, farm to cafeteria initiatives
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national nutrition policy
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nationwide guidelines which specify meeting nutritional needs of people
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what issues do the national nutrition policy address
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hunger
malnutrition food safety food labeling and menu labeling food fortification sustainable agricultural practices nutrition research |
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Does the US have a national nutrition policy?
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YES and NO
NO- no single federal agency has mandate to handle national nutrition policy as its sole function YES- responsibility is divided among congressional committees, federal agencies, and major departments |
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what are some elements of nutrition policy
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food assistance programs
national nutrition and health objectives regulations to safeguard food supply and ensure safe handling of food dietary guidance systems monitoring and surveillance programs food labeling legislation |
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National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program (NNMRRP)
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established by congress in 1990
USDA and DHHS surveys and surveillance assess: factors that influence nutrition status, nutritional and related health status of U.S. population, and relationship between diet & health |
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5 measurement components (survey areas) of NNMRRP
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nutritional status and nutrition-related health measurements
food and nutrient consumption knowledge, attitudes, and behavior assessments food composition and nutrient databases food supply determinations |
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National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
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representative of civilian non-institutionalized population ages 2 and up
good response rate |
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"what we eat in america survey"
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dietary interview component of NHANES
individuals in households, one sample with all levels of income, another of low-income households one-day and 3-day food intakes of individuals times of eating occasions sources of food eaten away from home |
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Total Diet Study (TDS)
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8 age groups, infant through elderly
assesses for nutrients and contaminants in foods estimates levels of 11 essential minerals collects and analyzes 234 foods from retail markets in urban areas |
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Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
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telephone survey of adults 18 y.o. and older
demographic info height weight smoking, alcohol use weight control practices diabetes preventable health problems cholesterol-screening practices, awareness, treatment food frequencies for dietary fat, fruit, and vegetable consumption |
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National Nutrient Data Bank (established in 1892)
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updated on a regular basis
nutrient content of foods published tables of food composition computerized databases |
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USDA nutrient data base for standard reference (initiated in 1980)
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produced from National Nutrient Data Laboratory
includes data on food energy, 28 food components, and 18 amino acids for about 5,200 food items main source of data for USDA survey nutrient data base |
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USDA survey nutrient data base
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updated continuously
used for analysis of nationwide dietary intake surveys includes data on food energy and 28 food components for >7,100 food items |
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U.S. Food and Nutrition Supply Series (annually)
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U.S. total population
quantities of food available for consumption on a per capita basis quantities of food energy, nutrients, and food components provided by these foods (calculated) |
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
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nutrient intake standards
developed to be used in planning and assessing the diets of individuals and groups major shift from prevention of nutrient deficiencies to prevention of chronic disease include: RDA, EAR, AI, and UL |
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Dietary Guidelines for Americans
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Goal: promote health and reduce chronic disease risks
includes basic guidelines for healthy eating must be revised every 5 years; newest revision 2010 |
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Nongovernment dietary recommendations
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american heart association
american cancer society |
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MyPlate
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developed to help consumers obtain the nutrients substances needed for good health by eating a variety of foods
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what are the steps in assessing nutritional status
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1. make a PLAN for collective data
2. types of DATA to collect 3. methods of obtaining data 4. Issues in Data collection |
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make a plan for collecting data
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helps to determine what questions to ask
solve specific nutrition problems |
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what are the 3 steps to planning
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1. review purpose, goals, and objectives of needs assessment
2. develop a set of questions related to target population's nutritional problem, how it developed, and/or factors that influence it. examples include survey, search literature for the culture and socioeconomic values, talk to programs that deal with the population you work with, internet list serves 3. choose a method for obtaining answers to these questions (involves the type of evaluation that you are going to administer like a survey, diet recalls, etc.) |
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types of data to collect
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individual lifestyle factors
food choices food supply and food availability income and food prices sociocultural factors food preferences, cognitions, and attitudes health beliefs and practices living and working conditions |
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individual lifestyle factors
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lifestyle- physical activity, leisure activities, smoking habits, use of alcohol or drugs
how is nutritional status affected by lifestyle? |
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what affects food choices?
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influenced by biological psychosocial, cultural, and lifestyle factors
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food supply and food availability
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affected by the food distribution system, types of imported foods, facilities for food processing and production, and the regulatory environment
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income and food prices
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higher incomes=more money to spend on food, can choose any foods they want
low income households are more likely to have limited food budgets and to be concerned with price and value (they want the best value for their money) family is one of the biggest factors affecting our food intake |
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sociocultural factors
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social groups, culture, religious beliefs
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food preferences, cognitions, and attitudes
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shaped by family eating habits and regional tastes
consumers do not always practice what they have learned |
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health beliefs and practices
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can be cultural differences
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living and working conditions
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education, occupation, income (relates to high stress levels)
social groups and networks |
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methods of obtaining data
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survey
behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS) health risk appraisal screening mini nutritional assessment (MNA) focus groups interviews with key informants direct assessment of nutritional status |
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survey
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telephone, questionnaires, in-person interviews
a systematic study that studies a population that is represented of the target population. it identifies risky behaviors that correlate with diseases ask open ended questions |
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health risk appraisal
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widely used in worksites, government agencies, universities for screening or health education
"heath hazard chart" used in government agencies or schools to identify health risk and educate people |
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screening
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in both clinical practice and community settings
value is compared with predetermined cutpoint or risk level screening is important in preventative health schools, WIC, health departments, the mall, health food stores, YMCA, churches, drug stores, etc. screen for blood glucose |
