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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Paul Broca
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1861; patient 'Tan' repeatedly said 'tan'; a post-mortem lesion study demonstrated left frontal damage
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Karl Wernicke
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1874; damage to posterior left hemisphere resulted in speech deficits different than those of Broca; receptive aphasia
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Noam Chomsky
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-language is modularity -innate grammar structures in humans -transformational grammar
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Gua (chimp)
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-1933; Kellogg & Kellogg -tried to teach Gua to speak -raised Gua with human son Donald -couldn't vocalize or communicate well
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Kanzi (chimp)
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-1986; Savage-Rumbaugh -taught a bonobo (pygmy chimp) in symbols -daughter (Kanzi) learned by watching her mom
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Washoe (chimp)
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-1969; Gardner & Gardner -raised as a child and taught ASL -appeared to show rudimentary grammar but very little creativity
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Nim Chimpsky
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-1979; Sue Terrace, et al -tried to teach ASL -acquired several hundred signs -strung together 2 word sentences -showed vocab increases, but never developed greater length of utterances
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Sarah (chimp)
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-1971; David Premack -taught a symbol language -used plastic tokens to combine in order to form requests -successful in mimicking very simple grammar -may have been simply demonstrating Skinneresque reward association learning
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Irene Pepperberg
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Alex, the Gray Parrot;
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Phoneme
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basic unit of spoken language (ah, th, k, ph, etc)
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Morpheme
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basic unit of meaning; (re-, -ed, etc)
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Syntax
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grammatical rules that specify how we organize words into sentences
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Semantics
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study of meanings of words and sentences
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Pragmatics
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knowledge of the social rule that dictate how we use language
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Universal characteristics of Language
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semanticity, arbitrariness, discreteness, duality of patterning
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semanticity
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languages convey meaning
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arbitrariness
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symbol is linked to the item it refers to in an arbitrary way (dog doesn't look or sound like the animal)
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discreteness
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language symbols are distinct, not continuous (hand raising)
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duality of patterning
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languages occur on two levels; (meaning level & sublevel); (morphemes & phonemes)
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Evidence of Language as innate (what points argue for this?)
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-language is modular (not just a byproduct of other cognitive processes, but is a distinct ability)
-innate grammar structures in humans -particular/specialized brain areas for language -rapid acquisition of grammar and language in children -consistent relationships between language areas and handedness |
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surface structure
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words (spoken/written); “George rolled the ball to me” vs “The ball was rolled to me by George” vs “it was George who rolled me the ball”
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deep structure
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the meaning; meaning of utterances is the same
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transformational grammar
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how we get from surface to deep structure and back
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Modularity of Language
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not just a byproduct of other cognitive processes, but is a distinct ability
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Handedness and language Hemisphere specialization
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-most people have a left-sided language specialization
-95% of right handers are left specialized; 50% of left-handers are left specialized |
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Broca’s area and production aphasia
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-associated with production aphasia, which results in meaningful words, but at expense of great effort and with disrupted production
-left frontal damage |
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What does the Broca’a area analog do
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-language prosody (the pronunciation of language that indicates emotional tone)
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Wernicke’s area and receptive aphasia
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-damage to posterior left hemisphere -comprehension problems and production of meaningless (but normal sounding) speech
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Steps to producing language (top-down and somewhat parallel)
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1)plan the gist
2)devise the general structure 3)choose words and specific forms 4)translate into phonemes and produce |
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Prosody
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emotional tones, melody and stress of syllables; without prosody it would be impossible to clarify linguistic ambiguities
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pragmatics
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social rules that underlie language
-common ground with speaker -understanding directive |
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directives
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sentences requesting someone to do something (polite v impolite)
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Relevance of accents to social stereotyping
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-determine social class -determine stereotype -determine how one may interact based on assumed knowledge gained from an accent
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Common ground concept in language
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conversationalists share the similar background knowledge, schemas, and experiences that are necessary for mutual understanding; lexical entrainment;
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Advantages of bilingualism
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-acquire more native language expertise
-increases subtlety detection -increases awareness of arbitrary nature -increases pragmatic awareness -can increase creativity (break out of functional fixedness) -sometimes problem solving may be increased (selective attention task improvements in bilinguals) |
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Critical periods in language
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ability to acquire a second language is strictly limited to a specific period of your life; critical period hypothesis proposes that individuals who have already reached a specified age – perhaps early puberty – will no longer be able to acquire a new language with native-like fluency
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Slip-of-the tongue errors
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errors in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more different words
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How age of acquisition affects learning a new language
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the earlier the better; -age at which a person begins to learn a second language
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What was the general approach to teaching animals language
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-teach ASL or other symbol systems via reward training
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What was the ultimate message from animal language studies
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-generally unimpressive results with an extreme minimum of semantic memory
-vocal range is critical though not the only limiting factor |
