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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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psyhophysics
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the discipline that investigates the relationship between
– the physical dimensions of stimuli and – the subjective, psychological experience of those stimuli |
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2-point threshold
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Two-point threshold: what is the
smallest separation between two points that is still perceived as two separate points – Depends on location on the body where this is measured |
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just noticeable difference JND
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the amount of change needed for people to detect a change
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distance of discriminablity
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very large differences are judged faster
than small differences |
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symbolic distance effect
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large symbolic differences (1 vs. 100) are judged faster than small symbolic differences (2 vs. 3)
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semantic congruity effect
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symbolic differences are faster
when the question is phrased in a way that matches our semantic knowledge of the symbols -EX: which is smaller? A rhino or an elephant? vs. which is BIGGER? |
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Give an example of the Semantic congruity effect and explain how it shoes the role of knowledge in even simple decisions
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just remember that we are quicker when the wording is congruent with our knowledge
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what is semantic orderings?
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People can also judge differences between
concepts that do not have any underlying physical, quantitative dimension – Which one is better: • lose vs. peace • hate vs. pressure – Results in the distance effects and congruity effects |
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define algorithm and give an example
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a specific rule or solution procedure
that is guaranteed to furnish the correct answer if it is followed correctly – For example, a formula or a recipe |
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define heuristics and give an example
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a strategy or approach that works
under some circumstances but that is not guaranteed to yield the correct answer – For example, a rule-of-thumb, a quick-and-dirty solution |
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normative model of reasoning
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the algorithms to
use given a certain problem – how people should make decisions if they wanted to optimize their outcomes |
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descriptive model of reasoning
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what people
actually do when they make a decision |
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what is the representativeness heuristic, what is it used for. and on which 2 features is it based?
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an estimate of the probability or likelihood of an event is determined by one of 2 characteristics: how similar the event is to the population of events it came from or whether the event seems similar to the process that produced it
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conjunction fallacy
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rating the co-occurrence of two events as more probable than only one event by itself
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confirmation bias
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the tendency to seek and pay attention to evidence and information that supports, instead of falsifies, current beliefs
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availability heuristic
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Estimating the
frequency or likelihood of events based on how easily examples of the event come to mind, the ease with which relevant examples can be remembered |
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salience and vividness bias
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Availability heuristic works if information
in memory is representative of objective frequency • But, some information is more salient: more noticeable, important or prominent – News coverage is selective, providing us with non-representative frequencies |
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simulation heuristic
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a mental construction or imagining of outcomes,
a forecasting of how some event will turn out or how it might have turned out under another set of circumstances |
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counterfactual reasoning
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reasoning
about an event by deliberately contradicting the facts in a “what if” kind of way - i'm going to act like something didn't just happen the way it happened |
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anchoring
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first initial answer
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adjustment
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change original answer, usually based off of general world knowledge
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