Cog Neuro Exam 1

Front 1

White Matter

Back 1

White matter is the axons and glial cells, these are myelinated which is what causes them to look white and fatty. Pushed to the inside of the brain to connect everything

Front 2

Gray Matter

Back 2

All of the cell bodies in the brain. Pushed to the outside of the brain in order to create the cortex

Front 3

Meninges

Back 3

The shell of the brain. Composed of layers: Dura Matter (hard), Arachoid, Sub-arachnoid (composed of only CSF and Ions), Pia Matter, and the Cortex

Front 4

CSF

Back 4

Cerebral Spinal Fluid -- Full of ions to help with action potentials

Front 5

What slice of the brain is this?

Back 5

This is a coronal slice of the brain

Front 6

What slice of the brain is this?

Back 6

This is an Axial slice of the brain

Front 7

What slice of the brain is this?

Back 7

This is a Saggital slice of the brain

Front 8

What is the top of the brain called?

Back 8

Dorsal or Superior

Front 9

What is the back of the brain called

Back 9

Caudal or Posterior

Front 10

What is the front of the brain called?

Back 10

Rostral or Anterior

Front 11

What is the bottom of the brain called?

Back 11

Ventral or Inferior

Front 12

What does the Medulla do?

Back 12

The Medulla is in charge of respiration and heart rate.

It connects with the sensory and motor cortices and contains pyramidal decussation which is where axons from the Left and right side of the brain cross to control that opposite side of the body

Front 13

What does Pons do?

Back 13

Pons is in charge of Arousal and REM sleep

It's the halfway point between the cerebellum and parts of the brain that tell your body what to do.

Front 14

REM

Back 14

Rapid Eye Movement

REM resembles your conscious state

The state of sleep in which you dream most

Front 15

Cerebellum

Back 15

Contains the most neurons in any part of the brain

controls coordination

also important for vision

doesn't initiate movement like the motor cortex, but rather makes the movements more precise

Front 16

Midbrain

Back 16

An alert system

Superior Colliculus: vision

Inferior Colliculus: auditory

Front 17

Thalamus

Back 17

"Grand central station of the brain"

All sensory info except smell goes through it

Lateral Geniculate: Info directly from eyes

Medial Geniculate: Info directly from ears

--Doesn't just relay info but also transforms it--

Front 18

Hypothalamus

Back 18

Link between CNS and the endocrine system

Circadian Rhythms

Releases hormones into the bloodstream

Works closely with the pituitary gland

Front 19

Limbic System

Back 19

The part of the brain containing the Hippocampus, the Amygdala, and the Basal Ganglia

And bit of an oversimplification of this part of the brain

Front 20

Hippocampus

Back 20

Important in creating long term memories

connects to the parietal and occipital lobes in order to create visual memories

Front 21

Amygdala

Back 21

Important for fight, flight, food, and fornication

Emotional responses, arousal, hunger

Very primitive part of the brain

Front 22

Basal Ganglia

Back 22

In charge of lots of sensory motor actions in the body

has lots of dopamine receptors

People with Parkinson's Disease often have a lack of dopamine leading to their basal ganglia to not function well which hurts their fine motor skills

Front 23

Cortex

Back 23

A very thin sheet of matter on the brain, crumpled in order to increase surface area and make communication between cells easier

(like wormholes... folding to make two points closer)

6 Layers:

layer 1: lots of axons and cell bodies

layer 4: input from thalamus

layer 5: output to thalamus

layer 6: first layer to develop (Meaning they are better at making long range connections, babies are making big broad connections of the world around them)

layers 1,2,3: develops last (short range connections... more refined thinking that develops when you're older)

Front 24

Occipital Lobe

Back 24

Mainly in charge of sight

Front 25

Parietal lobe

Back 25

Interprets and sorts info from the senses

Front 26

Motor cortex

Back 26

In charge of motor function

Front 27

Somatosensory Cortex

Back 27

In charge of sensory processing such as touch

Front 28

Pre frontal cortex

Back 28

Personality, decision making, speaking, planning, comprehending

Front 29

Temporal Lobe

Back 29

Sensory input, language processing, visual memory

Front 30

Perception vs Processing

Back 30

Perception: the experience

Processing: info going in and out (indiv. neurons firing)

Perceiving is experiencing the info that is being processed

Front 31

FMRI

Back 31

Cons: bad at telling you when

Pros: Good at telling you where, safer than PET

Detection of blood oxygenation to produce a map of the brain that shows function

Using a powerful magnetic field, nuclei in the cell are aligned allowing for a measurement of blood oxygenation in cells of the brain

Cells that are being used more require more oxygen

Correlational

Front 32

ECOG

Back 32

Pros: good at telling you when

Cons: Not great at telling you where, difficult to perform because it requires putting electrodes directly on someones brain

Correlational

Front 33

TMS

Back 33

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Allows you to stimulate one area of the brain at a time by putting a tapper on the persons skull and sending magnetic pulses to that part of the brain, hindering function

Safe and accurate

Causational

Front 34

Right OFA

Back 34

The part of the brain that is essential for recognition of parts of a face

Front 35

Single Unit Recording

Back 35

Pro: Good at telling when and where

Con: measures the action potential of one cell, fairly small scale.

Used in research in the amygdala and emotional responses to happy and angry faces

It is shown that one specific cell increases firing when a happy face is shown and a different single cell increases firing when an angry face is shown

Correlational

Front 36

Induced Lesions

Back 36

Pros: Very good at telling where something happens

Cons: Very enethical

Scientists purposely kill parts of a subjects brain to determine function by seeing how it changes behavior

Cannot be done on people

These induced lesions of thee amygdala caused monkeys to have a reduced fear of a snake

CAUSATIONAL

Front 37

Lesions

Back 37

Finding people who are missing certain parts of their brain and seeing how their behavior differs from a full brained person

CAUSATIONAL

Front 38

EEG

Back 38

Pros: Good at telling you when

Cons: Bad at telling you where something happens

Listens to many cells and measures the dipoles of those cells

Allowed us to separate the processing and perception of a face

Perpendicular neurons

Front 39

MEG

Back 39

measures magnetic activity of neurons

Parallel neurons

Very precise at telling when

not good at telling where