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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epidemiological studies: |
useful for testing broad and population level hypothesis assuming two determinations: 1. presence or absence of disease 2. presence or absence of exposure to dietary factor of interest |
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Uncontrollable factors that limit or confound epidemiological studies: (list 6) |
1. environmental conditions
2. regional food preferences 3. local social and economic factors 4. soil conditions 5. food distribution 6. availability of health care and preventative care |
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Study designs appropriate for describing and analysis of epidemiological studies: (list 4) |
1. cross-sectional surveys
2. ecological studies 3. cohort 4. case-control |
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Match: Cross-sectional, ecological, cohort, or case-control Contemporaneous or retrospective. Examines relationship between disease and dietary exposure matched based on common characteristics. |
Case-control |
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Match: Cross-sectional, ecological, cohort, or case-control Examination of correlation between disease status and dietary exposure of several populations or populations observed at several times. |
ecological study |
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Match: Cross-sectional, ecological, cohort, or case-control contemporaneous determination of prevalence of disease and dietary exposure |
Cross sectional survey |
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Match: Cross-sectional, ecological, cohort, or case-control Prospective or retrospective observation over time of occurrence of disease (incidence) in subgroups within a population that have been formed based on degree of exposure to putative risk factor. |
Cohort study |
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sources of food-borne illness contamination include: |
feces, urine, nasal and throat discharge, contamination of hands/arms of food handlers, contaminated soil, mud, water and marine life, dust. |
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what does HACCP stand for? |
Hard analysis and critical control points. changes the the emphasis from low-level surveillance to focus on high-level monitoring of food contamination applied at specific points in the manufacturing process identified for highest risk of contamination. |
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What are the 7 HACCP principles? |
1. Conduct hazard analysis
2. Identify critical control points in the process 3. establish critical limits for preventative measures at each critical point 4. monitor critical control points 5. take corrective action when indicated 6. keep detailed records 7. establish verification process |
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nutrient interactions: synergistic effects... (list 3) |
1. Vit C, citric acid, tricarboxylic acid, AA, and sugar promote absorption of non-heme iron
2. Antioxidant nutients (C, E, sel, beta carotine) synergistically reduce toxicity of ROS 3. Vit C & E interact with nitrates and prevent conversion to mutagenic nitrosamines |
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Nutrient interactions: antagonistic effects... (list 6) |
1. Dietary fiber may impair the absorption of minerals
2. carbonates, oxalates, phosphates, fiber and tannins impair non-heme iron absorption 3. excessive intake of Cu, Fe or Zn will impair the absorption and utilization of the other 2. 4. Increased polyunsaturated FA intake is associated with increase vit E requirement 5. Excess leucine antagonizes Vit B6 and impaires conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid 6. Toxic levels of cadmium interfere with Fe absorption |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... anesthetic (nitrous oxide) |
accelerated metabolic clearance of B12 |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors |
* chelate Fe, inhibiting absorption.
* inhibit K excression * increase Zn excression |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... Antacids containing Mg |
increase GI pH and reduce folate and riboflavin absorption |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... H2 antacids |
inhibit absorption of Ca, Fe, Zn, Folate, B12, vit D |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... Anthracyclines |
inhibit endogenous synthesis of CoQ10 |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... Antibiotics |
dysbiosis, impaired ability to ferment dietary fiber, produce vit K and resorb water along the colon |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... anticoagulant (heparin) |
interferes with activation of vit D and with osteoblast function |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... anticonvulsants |
* accelerate vit D inactivation by liver and excretion in bile
* decreased Ca absorption * increase hepatic accumulation of vit A * increased metabolic clearance of vit C, vit K * inhibited absorption of biotin, folate, and vit B12 |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... tricyclic antidepressants |
inhibit action of enzymes requiring CoQ10 |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... MAOI antidepressants |
* increased appetite and carb craving
* inhibit action of enzymes requiring B6 * sensitivity to dietary tyramine (in cheese, smoked fish, chianti, yeast, dry sausage, sauerkraut, beers and ales) |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... colchicine (anti-gout) |
* malabsorption of B12, dietary sugar and inhibition of intestinal mucosal cell replication
* arrests mitosis in entorocytes * leads to enzyme deficiencies and inhibition of absorption of Vit A, FA, B-carotene , B12 , Na and K |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... hydralazine and isoniazid (antihypertensives) |
inhibition of vit B6 requiring enzymes |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... methyldopa (anti-hypertensive) |
inhibited absortpion of Fe, folate, B12 and inhibition of enzymes requiring CoQ10 |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... Beta blockers (anti-hypertensives) |
* chelate dietary Ca, preventing absorption
* inhibition of enzymes requiring CoQ10 |
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NSAIDs |
inhibition of folate absorption |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... antimicrobials (erythromycin, neomusin...) |
structural defects of bile ducts (reduced bile acid transport ) inhibited absorption of AA, FA, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Fe, Vit A, folate and B12 |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... sulfasalazine (antimicrobial) |
inhibition of folate uptake |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... tetracyclenes (antimicrobial) |
chelates with divalent and trivalent cations inhibiting absorption |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... antineoplastic (cisplatin) |
accelerated urinary excretion of Mg and K |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... Methotrexate (antineoplastic and RA) |
arrests mitosis of enterocytes --> structural defects --> reduced absorption of folate, B12, and Ca |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... anti-psychotics |
inhibition of actions of enzymes requiring CoQ10 |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... anti-TB (isoniazid, rifampin) |
* inhibition of absorption of folate, B12
* blocked absorptionof Vit D * inhibit conversion of tryptophan to niacin * inhibition of action of enzymes requiring pyridoxine |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... Oral contraceptives (estogen containing) |
inhibition of Vit A, foalte, and Vit C absorption |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... diuretics (K-sparring) |
inhibited Urinary K excression |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... diuretics (loop, thiazides) |
increased excretion of thiamin, Mg, and K |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... estrogen (ERT) |
accelerated Ca and Mg deposition into bone |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... glucocoticoids |
inhibition of Ca and folate absorption and accelerated bone demineralization |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) |
inhibition of CoQ10 synthesis |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... hypocholesterolemics (cholestyramine) |
binds bile acids, cholesterol, bile salts, and nutrients --> decreases absorption of fatty acids, fat soluble vitamins, Fe, B12 and B-carotene |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... hypocholesterolemics (clofibrate) |
interferes with the absorption of Vit A, Vit D, Vit E, B12 |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... hypocholesterolemics (colestipol) |
binds and promotes excretion of bile acids, decreasing the absorption of fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... hypoglycemics (metformin and phenformin) |
induce B12 malabsorption |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization...
laxatives (castor oil, milk of magnesia, mineral oil, phenopthalein) |
decreased absorption of Ca, K, B-carotene, Vit A, D, and K |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... Potassium repletion |
alters pH balance, inhibits B12 absorption |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI= lansoprazole, omeprazol etc) |
inhibits absorption of B12, Fe, Zn |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization... Revers transcription inhibitor (anti-viral) |
Inhibited absorption of Zn, Cu and Vit B12 |
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known effect on nutrient absorption or utilization...
Sedative (glutethimide) |
inhibits Ca and folate |
