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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phonographs (Creator?) |
Early devices for playing recorded disks (Thomas Edison) |
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Airplay |
Radio time devoted to a particular recording |
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Payola |
A bribe to promote a product (i.e. airplay for a music) |
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Playlist |
A list of songs that a radio station plays |
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Who are the Big Four in the recording industry? |
Universal Music, EMI, Warner Music, and Sony Music (BMG) |
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What percentage does the Big Four of the recording industry hold in their market (U.S. and global)? |
U.S.: 84% Global: 75% |
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Shawn Fanning |
Pioneered music file-sharing through original Napster |
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Steve Jobs |
The driving force behind the Apple Computer revivial, iPod, and iTunes |
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Federal Radio Act |
1927 law establishing government regulation of radio |
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What is the standard by which the u.S. government grants and renews local radio and television station licenses? |
License applicants were told to broadcast "in public interest, convenience, and necessity." |
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Trusteeship Concept |
Government serves as a trustee for the public's interest in regulating broadcasting |
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Marketplace Concept |
Listeners through marketplace mechanisms determine the fate of a business. |
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What is the main financial foundation for radio stations? |
Advertising |
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What preference did the Telecommunications Act show? |
Preference of the marketplace Concept over the trusteeship concept |
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Localism |
Issuing broadcast licenses for service to a specified community and its environs |
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What restrictions did the Telecommunications Act end? |
Restrictions on Chain Ownership |
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Two-Tier Infrastructure |
One tier: Stations remain licensed in local communities Another tier: Networks, programming suppliers, and recording companies give radio a national identity |
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Frequency Modulation (FM) |
The frequency of vibration of waves; signals travel in a straight line |
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Amplitude Modulation (AM) |
The "height" of the waves; signals follow the curvature of the Earth |
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Which modulation is generally preferred for music? Talk shows? |
FM: Music AM: Talk Shows |
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Arbitron |
Radio listener survey company |
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How many hours do teenagers and adults average a week in listening to the radio, according to Arbitron? |
22 hours a week |
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Affiliates |
Locally licensed stations that have an affiliation with a network to carry network programming |
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Edward R. Murrow |
War correspondent who helped establish radio as a news medium |
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Walter Cronkite |
Part of renowned CBS World War I I radio news crew. Later prominent television anchor |
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Breaking News |
Reports, often live, on events as they are occurring |
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Headline Service |
Brief news stories |
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Gordon McLendon |
Reinvented radio with narrow formats in the 1950s (generally giving 3 minutes of news every 20 minutes of music playing) |
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All-News Radio |
A niche format that delivers only news and related informational content and commentary |
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National Public Radio |
Network for noncommercial stations |
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All Things Considered |
Pioneer NPR afternoon news-magazine that ignored two traditional premises in radio: 1. Stories didn't necessarily fit the news peg of breaking news 2. The stories ran as long as the reporter or producer felt necessary to to tell the story, ignoring the premise that radio listeners have extremely short attention spans |
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News Package |
The hallmark of NPR; carefully produced, long-form radio stories that offer depth |
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Talkers |
Talk Shows |
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Rush Limbaugh |
Conservative radio talk-show host |
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Who are more popular: Liberal talkers or Covservative talkers? |
Conservative talkers. Liberal talkers have never attracted as many listeners |
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Corporation for Public Broadcasting |
Quasi-government agency that administers federal funds for non-commercial radio and television |
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Morning Edition |
NPR morning news-magazine |
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The Takeaway |
WNYC-originated morning show for public stations |
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Satellite Radio |
Method to deliver radio from an orbiting satellite directly to end users |
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Terrestrial Radio |
The industry based on audio transmission from land-based towers, as opposed to transmission via satellite |
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Adam Curry |
Pioneer in podcasting technology artists' free expression |
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Podcasting |
Digital media files that downloaded through the internet |
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On-Demand Radio |
Service that allows access to programs at convenient time for listener |
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Synergy |
An interaction that produces a combined effect greater than the sum of separate effects |
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Suspension of Disbelief |
Occurs when you surrender doubts about the reality of a story and become caught up in the story |
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Adolph Zukor |
Innovative creator of Paramount as a major movie studio |
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Star System |
Making actors into celebrities to increase the size of movie audiences |
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Studio System |
When major studios controlled all aspects of the movie industry |
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Block Booking |
A rental agreement through which a movie house accepts a batch of movies |
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Paramount Decision |
U.S. Supreme Court breakup of movie industry oligarchy in 1948 |
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What are the effects of the Paramount Decision? |
Major movie companies had to compete for screen time in movie houses |
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Who are the Big Three of network programs? |
ABC, CBS, NBC |
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Newton Minow |
FCC chair who called television a "vast wasteland" |
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Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) |
Television network for noncommercial over-air stations |
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Terrestrial TV |
Transmitters are mounted on ridges, mountaintops, skyscrapers, or tall buildings to extend their signals as far as possible |
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Cable TV |
Created for towns that couldn't get reception due to the mountaintops blocking the signal; transmitter was put on top of the mountain, and a cable strung down to each house for signal |
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CATV |
Early local cable TV systems |
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Gerald Levin |
Used orbiting satellite to relay exclusive programs to local cable systems in 1975 |
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CNN |
First 24-hour TV news service |
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Multisystem Operator (MSO) |
A company that owns several local cable TV delivery units in different, usually far-flung, communities |
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DirecTV and Dish Network |
Satellite-direct companies (DirecTV is the larger) |
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Walt Disney is the pioneer of: |
Animated films |
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Indies |
Minor movie studies; not among the Big Five |
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Narrative Films |
Movies that tell a story |
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Warner Brothers introduced the first successful: |
Sound movie, The Jazz Singer |
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The Jazz Singer |
First feature sound movie |
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The Singing Fool |
First full-length sound movie |
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Gone with the Wind |
Pioneer color film |
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The Black Pirate |
First feature movie in color |
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Computer-generated Imagery (CGI) |
Application of 3D computer graphics for special effects, particularly in movies and TV |
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Animated film |
Narrative films with drawn scenes and characters |
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Steamboat Willie |
Animated cartoon character that became Mickey Mouse |
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Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs |
First full-length animated film |
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Robert Falherty |
First documentary filmmaker |
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Documentary |
Video examination of a historical or current event or a natural or social phenomenon |
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Frank Capra |
Hollywood movie director who produced powerful propaganda movies for the U.S. war effort in WWII |
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Why We Fight |
Frank Capra's war mobilization documentary series |
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Fairness Doctrine |
U.S government requirement from 1949 to 1987 that broadcast presentations had to include both sides on competing public issues; meant to make documentaries informative rather than influencing opinions. |
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Docu-ganda |
Documentaries that seek to influence their viewers |
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Michael Moore |
Producer-director of point-of-view documentaries |
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Webisode |
Short episode of story line created for downloading to Internet TV or hand-held devices |
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Multiplex |
Movie theater with multiple screens |
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Blockbuster |
Movie/book that is a great commercial success |
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B-movie |
Low-budget movie; usually with little artistic aspiration |
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What happened to some chains due to to their decision to expand and upgrade? |
Some chains overextended financially, and bankruptcies would follow |
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Video on Demand (VOD) |
Viewer controlled access to content at any time |
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TiVo |
Digital recording and playback device for television |
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Time Shifting |
Ability of viewer to change when they access programming |
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How did Time Shifting affect viewers? |
It allowed them to not have to build their schedules around the shows they want to watch |
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Guglielmo Marconi |
First to to transmit message through air |
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KDKA |
Became the first U.S. licensed commercial station (1920) |
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In the 1920s, what distinctive traits of the U.S. media formed? |
1. Private ownership 2. Entertainment thrust to programming 3. Economic foundation based on selling time to advertisers who wanted to reach large audiences |
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David Sarnoff |
21 year old who worked at a Marconi Room. Became famous for hearing and reporting the news of the Titanic and its survivors |
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How did David Sarnoff affect the radio? |
He made the radio a widely-known concept |
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How was NBC created? |
David Sarnoff and RCA found it |
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In 1936, Sarnoff, the now president of the RCA at the time, entered an agreement with who? |
Philo Farnsworth |
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How did single-format stations became a trend? |
Through Rock-n-Roll stations |
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What did Gordon McLendon developed in regards to hit music? |
He developed the Top 40 format, featuring only top hits, and rotating them throughout the day's broadcasting |
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Who is in charge of overseeing non-federal government use of radio broadcastings in the U.S.? |
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) |
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What type of radio is a Pay-for-Service radio? |
Satellite Radios |
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Why was XM and Sirius able to merge? Why was the merge controversial? |
Although the only two satellite radio companies merged, causing the satellite radio field to be a monopoly at the moment, the companies merged, because they would both go out of business if they did not. Prior to the merge, they were both losing money. |
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Why was Orson Welles so well-known? |
He was a broadcaster who caused a panic among citizens due to the fact that the story-telling of an alien invasion was formatted like a news report. This caused confusion and caused people to react in a mass panic. |
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How was Orson Welles' broadcasting formatted like a news report? |
The story-telling was conveyed like breaking news, and music was played, then it cut back to the story, then music was played again. |
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How did Thomas Edison and William Dickinson have a significant position in the media of film? |
They created two devices: 1. Kinetograph: captured motion on film 2. Kinetoscope: viewed the captured motion on film |
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How did the Lumiere Brothers contribute to to the media of film? |
They developed the cinematographe |
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Cinematographe |
A Lumiere Brothers creation that combined both camera and projector capabilities |
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What are the 2 major components of the movie industry? |
Production and Exhibition |
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What are the 6 says movie makers make money? |
1. Box Office 2. Ancillary Distribution (Ways of showing movies other than at theaters) 3. Merchandise 4. Music 5. Product Placement 6. Home Placement |
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What are the 6 Major Studios? Who are they owned by? |
1. Sony Pictures Entertainment (Sony) 2. 20th Century Fox (21st Century Fox) 3. Walt Disney Studios (Walt Disney Co.) 4. Paramount Pictures (Viacom) 5. Universal (Comcast/NBC Universal) 6. Warner Brothers (Time Warner) |
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How is the current movie rating systems enforced? |
Self-imposed by film industry |
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What group is in charge of movie ratings? Who makes up the group? |
MPAA; studios are voluntary members |
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What are the movie ratings? |
•G •PG •PG-13 •R •NC-17 •X (and XXX) [NOT registered as a trademark rating] |
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What are the trends in the movie industry? |
Risk-sharing, franchise-building, and home entertainment |
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Risk-sharing |
Studios share production and distribution costs |
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Franchise-Building |
Studios seek recognizable properties they can market in multiple media and multiple markets |
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Franchises |
Recognizable characters and storylines that can generate billions of dollars |
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Emile Berliner |
Developed the Gramophone |
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How is the Gramophone significant? |
It allowed "master discs" to to be replicated, leading to mass production |
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In the 1920s, the introduction of electric microphones and speakers made what possible? |
Greater amplification |
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In which country was the Compact Audio Cassette developed? |
Germany |
