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242 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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aedile |
-First rank on corsus honorum -magistrates responsible for maintaining public buildings/space, and organizing public festivals -two types: curule and plebian -important position to hold if you want to elected to a higher position (good way to sway public opinion) |
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corsus honorum |
Course of public offices |
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tribune of the plebs |
-magistracy without imperium (ability to command army) -responsible for protecting interests of the plebs -capital offence to harm one -founded 494 BCE |
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quaestor |
-magistrate position -elected position that allowed you to sit on the Senate -responsible for financial affairs of governor or military
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praetor |
-2nd most senior position in cursus honorum |
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consul |
-chief military and civilian commander of Rome -2 positions/year: v. competitive (important position) |
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censor |
-senior magistracy -only position held for 5 years (instead of 1) -keep census of Roman people and oversee public morality -kick people out of Senate for being immoral etc. -also oversaw some State finances |
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Etruscans |
-people to the North of Rome -dominated Rome early on (during the monarchy their kings ruled) -speculated originators of gladiatorial games |
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Mid-Republic |
-Punic Wars (264-241 BCE, 218-202 BCE, 149-146 BCE) [Canae 216: huge losses, put on games]--> Know they happened in 200s BCE, Rome won -gladiatorial combat emerges -Massive empire expansion (North Africa, Greece, etc.) -Encounter Greek culture -Macedonian Wars (214-205 BCE, 171-167 BCE; destroy Carthage 146 BCE) --> probably where Thracian gladiators come from -->know that Romans defeat Macedonians and take over Greece -Roman think Punic Wars & destruction of Carthage are beginning of their downfall
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Late-Republic |
133-31/27 BCE
-political & social chaos; break social taboos -Social War/War of Allies (91-89 BCE)--> Roman artisocrats fight amongst themselves -Spartacus's Uprising 73-1 BCE -Julius Caesar 100-44 BCE (pouring $$ into spectacles) -Romans v. $$$ -people (artiocrats) start appearing as gladiators |
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Punic Wars |
Took place in 200s BCE 1st: 264-242 BCE (loss at Cannae 216) 2nd: 218-202 BCE (defeat Carthage at Zama 202) 3rd: 149-146 BCE (destroy Carthage 146) -when gladiatorial combat emerges -massive empire expansion -seen as beginning of Rome's downfall
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What is the correct order? Empire, Monarchy, Republic |
Monarchy --> Republic --> Empire |
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Name in the correct order, the Empires (5) |
Julio-Claudians (27 BCE - 68 CE) --> Flavians (69-96 CE) --> Nervo-Antonine Dynasty (98 - 192 CE) --> Severans (193 - 235 CE) --> Constantine (306-336 CE) |
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List the Julio-Claudians in order |
Augustus --> Tiberius --> Caligula --> Claudius --> Nero |
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List the Flavians in order |
Vespasian --> Titus --> Domitian |
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List the Nervo-Antonine Dynasty in order |
Trajan --> Hadrian --> Antoninus --> Pius --> Marcus Aurelius --> Commodus |
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List the Severans in order |
Septimus --> Severus --> Elagabalus --> Alexander Severus |
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Julius Caesar |
-late republic -v. $$ -big on spectacle -adoptive father of Augustus (first emperor) -innovator in spectacles -redesigned Circus Maximus |
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Which empire is known for being big on spectacle? |
Julio-Claudians |
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Which empire built the Colosseum? |
Flavians (80 CE) |
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Which empire built chariot racing space? |
Severans |
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ludus/ludi |
-games/games put on by State (public games) -school for gladiators |
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ludi scaenici |
-stage games (eg. drama) -public games |
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ludi circenses |
-games with chariot racing (circus games) -public games |
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munus/munera |
-literally "gift" -in this case, gladiatorial games put on as a gift to honour the dead -not state-sponsored or part of religious festivals -used by aristocrats especially around elections |
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venatio/venationes |
-beast hunts staged in small space -wild animals hunted by professionals or wild animals fighting each other (less common) |
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damnatio ad bestias |
-death sentence whereby you set animals on the condemned person |
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munus gladiatorium |
gladiator games |
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editor |
sponsor of the games (munus) |
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lanista |
trainer of gladiators -runs ludus on day-to-day basis |
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What is the traditional structure of games? |
-Morning: venatio/venationes -Midday: executions (including damnatio ad bestias) --> least popular -Evening (gladiatorial games) --> main attraction |
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When were the first recorded gladiatorial munera in Rome? |
264 BCE -munera of Decimus Junius Brutus in the Foruam Boarium -family with Etruscan affiliations -3 pairs of gladiators -during Punic Wars -claims there were Thracians, but Romans hadn't encountered them yet |
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Significance of 264 BCE |
First recorded gladiatorial munera in Rome munera of Decimus Junius Brutus in the Foruam Boarium -family with Etruscan affiliations -3 pairs of gladiators -during Punic Wars |
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Where did gladiatorial games come from? (2 opinions) |
1) Etruscans -funeral games & beast hunts adopted by Romans (for Romans, fighting at funerals was uncomon)
2) Campania (Souther Italy) -See Roman Historian Livy -Romans attribute gladiatorial games to Campanians (held them @ banquets) -lots of gladiatorial schools here -Pompey has arenas before Rome
Note: Romans emphasize they got the idea from someone else, but from a scholarly perspective the whole thing is ambiguous |
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Augustus vs. Trajan: an example of hyper-escalation under the emperors (explain) |
-Augustus claims to put on 10,000 gladiators over his reigin -in 107 CE, Trajan celebrates victory over Dacia by holding one set of games with 10,000 gladiators, + killing of 11,000 animals |
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Before amphitheatres, where were games held? |
-Forum Romanum (Caesar build subterranean tunnels to transport animals and gladiators) -->social centre of Rome (a wee bit inconvenient) -->politically savvy location b/c you can hold your funereal oratories here -temporary structures |
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Amphitheatre |
-literally "double theatre" -Roman invention -designed specifically for beast hunts & gladiatorial events -unlike Greek theatres, elliptical & pay no attention to landscape |
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When do amphitheatres begin appearing in the Roman world? Where specifically? |
~100 BCE -Pompeii 70 BCE (maybe Capua 100 BCE?) |
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Statilius Taurus |
Built Rome a really inadequate amphitheatre |
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Hypogeum/hypogea |
Underground structures of an amphitheatre -usually housing animals (overnight only) & equipment -means amphitheatre is not floodable |
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Cavea |
seating section of an amphitheatre |
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Maeniana |
Horizontal sections of seating in an amphitheatre |
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Pulvinaria |
Special boxes for officials |
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Velarium |
Awning for an amphitheatre |
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Sparsio |
Water system in an amphitheatre for cooling -can also spray scented water or prizes for the audience |
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What did the support bollards at the Colosseum do? (3) |
-helped with velarium -blocked vehicles from amphitheatre -separated foot traffic |
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Domus Aurea |
Golden house built by Nero after the Great Fire (private) |
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In what ways did the Julio-Claudians contribute to the context of the Colosseum? |
-Nero's Domus Aurea becomes the site -conquest of Jerusalem allowed them to acquire manpower (slaves) and stuff (resources) -next Dynasty (Flavians) wants to establish themselves |
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When was the Colosseum started and finished (dedicated)? Under which empire? |
-Flavians (Vespasian, Titus, Domitian) -started 72 CE -dedicated 80 CE |
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Where was the Colosseum built and why is that significant? |
-built on drained lake of Domus Aurea (Nero's Golden House) -established the dynasty of the Flavians by making Nero's (Julio-Claudian) private space a public space for games (giving back to the public) -next to Colossus of Nero (Flavians crowned it and said it was a sun god) |
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Ludus Magnus |
-gladiator barracks built by Domitian (Flavian) -connected to Colosseum with undergrond temples -easy way to transport gladiators away from the crowd |
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porta triumphalis |
gate of triumph (entrance to amphitheatre for gladiators) |
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porta libitensis |
gate of death (entrance to amphitheatre for gladiators) |
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pompa |
horn used in opening procession in amphitheatre |
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podium |
Best seats in an amphitheatre (closest to the front) -reserved for Senators |
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ima cavea |
Seating roughly where equestriains sat |
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media cavea
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middle bit of seating in an amphitheatre for non-senators, non-equestrians who could afford togas
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summa cavea |
upper bit of seating in an amphitheatre |
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upper gallery |
Wooden seating at top of amphitheatre for women and slaves |
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Ludi Romani |
194 BCE -first time Senators got special seats at games |
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Significance of 194 BCE |
First time Senators got special seats in an amphitheatre -at the ludi Romani |
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Lex Roscia |
Seating legislation for theatres and amphitheatres -law passed by Roscius -at least 14 rows of seats for equestrians (first time they got their own seating) -unpopular -67 BCE |
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What did seating laws NOT apply to? |
Circuses, women |
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What is the significance of 67 BCE? |
Lex Roscia -laws that give at least 14 rows of seating to equestrians |
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equestrians |
At least 400,000 sesterces in respectable wealth + emperor's approval (Social position) |
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corona civica |
Given to soldiers who saved the life of a citizen |
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servi publici |
public slaves -do senators' business during games |
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Augustan seating legislation |
-incredibly strict -Emperor + Vestal --> Senators --> Soldiers w/ corona civica --> equestrians (subdivided) --> servi publici --> soldiers + veterans --> boys & their pedagogi --> plebs (toga) --> plebs (pullati) --> women --> slaves
Notes: unmarried at the back of any given section, don't know where auxiliaries, peregrini or praetorians sat; there were also clothing restrictions, women banned from events w/ nudity, ppl. could pay to have their own bit of seating |
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Vestal virgins |
6 women -members of the elite -remain virgin for 30 yrs of service -tend fire in temple of Vesta to prevent trouble from coming to Rome -sat in amphitheatre facing the Emperor |
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Auxiliaries |
Members of the Roman army who aren't Roman citizens (got citizenship after retirement) |
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Praetorians |
Guardians of the Emperor -specialized, elite troops -paid more & led by elite |
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Peregrini |
Foreigner/visitor to Rome |
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Pulvinar |
Location in the Circus where the gods & Emperor sit -Emperor doesn't have to sit here all the time |
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Spina |
-central barrier that ran down Circus -prevented crashes (not present in Greek hippodromes) -staff and other people could watch from here |
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Main social groups in Rome |
Emperor --> Senators --> Equestrians --> Plebs --> Freedmen --> Non-citizens --> Slaves |
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summa rudis |
Chief referee at gladiatorial games |
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secunda rudis |
Second/assistant referee at gladiatorial games |
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How long did gladiatorial bouts last? |
10-20 minutes |
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Samnite |
-original gladiator type -short-lived (disappears ~100sCE) -originally an Italian peoples (Romans fought & captured some Samnites) -Samnites then became Roman allies (embarrassing to have them fight as gladiators) |
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Galli |
-early gladiator type -probably "Gauls" (enemy of Romans) |
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2 most common gladiator pairings |
1) Thraex vs. Murmillo 2) Retiarius vs. Secutor |
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Thracian/Thraex |
-Most popular gladiator type for ~200 yrs. -lightly armed w/ small shield -wore cotton padding & greaves for protection against bigger opponents -trained to fight left-handed -aggressive fighting style (attack first) |
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Parmularii |
Gladiators w/ small shields -favoured by Caligula |
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Scutarii |
Gladiators w/ big shields -favoured by Domitian |
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What are to the 2 main types/factions of gladiators (that one could prefer)? |
Parmularii and Scutarii |
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Murmillo |
-type of gladiator -fishermen -heavily armed -fought face-to-face b/c of restrictive helmet style -bigger shield |
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Retiarius |
-type of gladiator -no helmet, little padding -armed w/ trident, short knife, & net -face is visible (not respectable type for Senators to be b/c of visibility) |
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Secutor |
-gladiator type -heavily armed -helmet w/ limited visibility & no knob on top (easier to not be caught by Retiarius net) -tires quickly |
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What does a theta next to a gladiator indicate? |
They died |
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How do you surrender a gladiatorial fight? |
Hold up a finger |
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Hoplomachus |
-gladiator type -common, but not one of the top 4 -had a spear to throw -fought similarly to Thracian |
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Provocator |
-gladiator type -rarer than top 4 types -long sword & little armour |
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Eques/equites |
-gladiator type -fought early part of battle on horseback then dismounted -didn't fight on-foot gladiators |
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Essedarius |
-gladiator type -chariot fighter who fought other chariot fighters -threw spears -maybe fought on foot at end of battle |
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Andabata |
-gladiator type -completely enclosed helmet -fought blindfolded on horseback |
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Laqueani |
-gladiator type -Foot on foot with lassoos/some kind of rope |
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Velites |
-gladiator type -may have fought in groups w/ missiles (eg. stars, darts, etc.) |
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Sagittarius |
-gladiator type -fought w/ bow & arrows |
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Scissor |
-gladiator type -fought w/ a big knife or machete attached to hand |
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Dimarchaerus |
-gladiator type (probably a variation of a regular gladiator) -fought w/ 2 swords and no shielf |
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Pegmares |
-gladiator type (probably a variation of a regular gladiator) -fought from platforms |
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Missus |
Release in a gladiatorial bout -when there is an obvious victor, the host looks to the crowd who decides whether or not to kill the gladiator or grant missus (ie. let them live) |
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Lugula |
When the crowd does not grant missus, the gladiator must accept lugula (death)--> must stick neck out to be killed |
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Pollice verso |
Gesture where thumb is turned towards neck -in the amphitheatre it signals that the crowd wants the gladiator's throat cut |
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Missio |
Being sent away after being defeated in gladiatorial combat |
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stantes missi/stantes missae |
A draw in a gladiatorial bout where both are sent away w/o defeat -referee asks crowd to release both -not desirable outcome |
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Minus sine missione |
We're not entirely sure what this is -maybe a game where in every fight someone had to die or there had to be an obviously defeated opponent |
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infamis/infamia |
Legal status whereby you lose many legal rights & protections as a Roman citizen -assigned to those who sold their body/traded in flesh -ie. gladiators, actors, prostitutes, charioteers, lanista, etc. -state of being infamis -could be inherited by children -applied even after retirement (permanent) -could be condemned to a gladiator school as punishment -"bad reputation" -applies if you earn $$ |
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auctorati |
volunteers/freeborn people who voluntarily became gladiators -aren't infamis b/c they don't make $$ -popular w/ audiences -higher death rate -what Senators would do (still embarrassing) -Emperors could force people to do this |
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familia gladiatoria |
-Collective people in a ludus (eg. gladiators, trainers, oilers, etc.) -change your name when you join one -ordered structurally |
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primus palus |
First rank of gladiators (gladiators fought other gladiators of equal rank) |
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Which member of a familia gladiatoria did not lose their legal status and was not a slave? |
Doctors |
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gladiatrix |
female gladiator (NOT an ancient term) |
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Mulier |
low-status female gladiator |
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Femina |
high-status female gladiator |
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Ludia |
Wife or girlfriend of a gladiator (or other ludus employee) |
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Significance of 19 CE |
Senatus consultum from Larinum -refers to 11 CE law that specifically bans certain women from appearing in the arena |
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Senatus Consultum |
Refers to 11 CE law that bans certain women from appearing in the arena -implies that enough women were appearing in the arena that they felt the need to regulate it -applies to daughters, granddaughters/wives of senators/equestrians (& sons) |
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When were women banned from appearing in the arena and by whom? |
Septimus Severus bans women from appearing in the arena in 200 CE |
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Significance of 200 CE |
Women banned from appearing in the arena by Septimus Severus |
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matron |
respectable women (married & probably has kids) -disgraceful for matrons to appear in arena |
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Who claims to be the first person to bring female gladiators to Rome? How do we know? |
Hostillianus boasts about this on an inscription found in Ostia |
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Where does the sole representation of female gladiators come from? |
Turkey |
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Romanization |
Term to describe the process whereby other cultures/locations integrate themselves into the Roman Empire -specifically the idea that going to gladiatorial games was a form of Romanization (this is problematic b/c these games existed before the Romans) |
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Antiochus IV of Syria |
-2nd C. BCE (Rome didn't have much power in Syria yet) -adopted game after going to Rome (not part of Syrian culture originally) -gladiatorial games became popular and locals started participating -massive appeal in the Greek East |
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Gladiators in Gaul |
-Embraced games after being conquered by Rome -tend to build their amphitheatres outside of the city as part of entertainment complexes -Nemesis shrines -different types of gladiators (crupellarii) and trinquii |
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Nemesis Shrine |
-specific to Gaul (not in Italy) -shrines/reliefs to Nemesis associated with gladiators and found near amphitheatres in Gaul -nemesis = goddess who marks your time on Earth and punishes over-confidence |
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Crupellarii |
-gladiator type specific to Gaul -clad from head to foot in armour (think Medieval knight) -don't know how they fought -had to hack armour off w/ hatchets |
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Trinquii |
-types of venatores from Gaul -maybe started off in relation to human sacrifice (Gaul thing) -became: prisoners brought in to hunt animals |
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Telegenii |
North African guild of beast hunters
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Games in North Africa |
-beast hunts v. important & popular -beast hunts > gladiators -commonly used bulls -many well-established guilds (eg. Telegenii) -beast hunts last longer than gladiators in North Africa |
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What happens when a Roman Emperor wants elaborate games and the stuff isn't available in Italy? |
A la Nero: ban games overseas and take those resources for Rome -noteworthy criminals sent to Rome |
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In the context of this course, what does "circus" refer to? |
Chariot racing (not clowns!) |
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mappa |
white napkin dropped (usually by emperor) to start chariot races |
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carceres |
starting gates in circus where racers were kept before the races |
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euripus |
Water features (channels) in the chariot arena |
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Who makes more $$: chariot racers or gladiators? |
Chariot racers |
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Circus Flaminius |
-Built by Gaius Flaminius in 220 BCE -not monumental -built on (eg. temples etc.) so much that it couldn't actually hold races after a while -seems to be only used for ludi tauri -had horse racing & public gatherings -not a proper circus |
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Circus Vaticanus |
-Circus of Gaius [Caligula] & Nero -built by Caligula, then Nero -private race track for the emperor (Caligula), made public by Claudius & Nero -not built monumentally (little seating) -supposedly on site of martyrdom of St. Pete |
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What do all Circuses have? |
An obelisk! |
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Circus Varianus/the Sessorium |
-built ~220-230 CE by Severans -built extra wide to accommodate exotic races (eg. elephants etc.) -wider than the Colosseum -Stood for ~50 yrs then was split when Rome's walls were expanded |
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Circus Maxentius |
-built ~310 CE by Emperor Maxentius -attached to imperial palace, probably never used -best preserved Roman circus -seated ~10,000 |
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Aval Circus |
-outside of Rome -built in sacred grove -races in honour of Dea Dia (only circus games at her festival) |
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Circus Maximus |
-initially a flat piece of land w/ races -built up (eg. 329 BCE carceres added, 196 BCE giant arch, 103 CE final form under Trajan) -associated w/ Etruscan kings -big religious site w/ many gods incorporated into worship -had a flooding problem; also burnt down a few times -most circuses across Empire modelled after the Circus Maximus |
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God(desse)s worshipped at Circus Maximus |
Murcia, Consus, Sol, Luna, Seia, Messia, & Tutlina, Ceres (Ludi Ceriales), Flora (Ludi Floralia), Mater (Ludi Megalenses), Apollo (Ludi Apollinares), Hercules |
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Consus |
-really important Roman god associated with the preservation of grains -worshipped at Circus Maximus in August (Consualia) and December |
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Consualia |
-Festival held on August 18th for Consus -one of the oldest ludi publici -his altar was buried at Circus Maximus and uncovered for sacrifices -held races at CM |
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How many laps in a standard chariot race? |
7 |
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How many chariots did Roman race at once? |
4-6 chariots |
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Was the restoration of the Circus Maximus notable? |
Though this happened frequently, yes it was! Commemorated on coins etc. |
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Who brought the Egyptian obelisk to the Circus Maximus? |
Augustus -symbolizing Egypt's incorporation into the Roman Empire |
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Were there more circuses or amphitheatres across the Roman Empire? Why? |
-more amphitheatres -circuses are large and many probably haven't been discovered -circuses don't leave many physical remains |
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When did the Circus Maximus reach its final form? Under whom? |
103 CE under Emperor Trajan |
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List the factions (4 + 2) |
Red, white, blue, & green (+ Domitian's purple and gold) |
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Who instated 2 additional factions? What were they? What happened? |
Domitian added purple and gold, but they were short-lived. |
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Which factions were the most popular and powerful? (2) |
Blue and Green |
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Domini factionum |
Person who owns a faction |
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Factionarius |
Either a person in charge of a faction OR a supporter of a faction |
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Was it respectable to own a faction, manage a faction, or be a charioteer? |
Only respectable to own a faction |
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How were charioteers procured early on? |
State contracted private individuals for chariots, charioteers, horses, etc. -v. $$$ -214 BCE: during 2nd Punic War the state was broke so they promised chariot people future winnings from the war |
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How much clothing did charioteers wear? |
Not much! Sex appeal was part of the show. |
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What would visual evidence alone suggest about factionalism in Rome? |
It would suggest that there wasn't extreme factionalism because mosaics etc. depict all 4 factions -there are no houses that seem to support only one faction (eg. a "blue" house) -this contradicts textual evidence |
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Which faction do we have the earliest evidence of? What is it? |
-Red faction -text from Pliny the Elder about a fan leaping onto a funeral pyre |
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Why do scholars think the blues and greens were the most powerful? |
Because of this anecdote: Nero encouraged the factions to ask for more $$. When they did people running games couldn't afford it anymore and threatened to race dogs instead. Red and white caved and said they'd race, blue & green didn't. |
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What is the second faction we hear about? |
The Greens -in 34 CE (quite late) |
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What faction-related structure was in the Campus Martius? |
-Faction stables -close to the city -must have held some, but not all of their horses (could need 1100 for a day of racing) |
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Significance of ~300CE? |
Factions cease to be privately owned in some places and become imperially owned -in North East and Italy (still private in North Africa) -State controls export of horses |
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When did factions become (at least in some places) imperially owned? |
~300 CE |
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Flavius Scorpius |
-early charioteer superstar -died ~90s CE @ age 26/27 -commemorated in poetry |
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Crescens |
-charioteer superstar in early 2nd C. CE -1.5 million sesterces in winnings |
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Diocles |
-charioteer superstar -first races @ age 18 in 122 CE (continues for 24 years) -charioteer we know the most about -36 million sesterces in winnings (a big deal) |
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Which charioteer do we know the most about? |
Diocles |
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Gutta |
-charioteer superstar 2nd C. CE -know about him b/c of the monument & inscription Gutta made for himself (displays his $$) |
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What did chariots structurally look like? |
-basically a wicker basket w/ 2 wheels on an axel -horses raced in a row of 4 & pulled from their necks |
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Who is the most famous charioteer? |
Porphyrius |
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Porphyrius |
-most famous charioteer we know about -monument in Constantinople erected by Greens in 6th C. CE in hippodrome -7 statues made for him (more than Emperors) -born a slave -led a mass riot in Alexandria -toured Eastern Empire, not just Constantinople |
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What is significant about the monument to Porphyrius? When was it made? By whom? |
It is immense -7 statues = more than Emperors get -also includes words of encouragement & names of horses
Made in 6th C. CE by the Green faction |
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Curse tablets |
-sheet of lead blank or w/ prewritten message -curses against rival factions -bury them in Circus (turning post popular spot) or in someone's grave -large quantity despite being expensive (this was taken seriously) |
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What perspective on chariot racing do we get from literary sources? |
-all are written by right people who want to show how much they dislike chariot racing |
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Which had religious significance: chariot racing or gladiatorial games? |
Chariot racing -ludi circenses held to honour the gods -re: pompa circenses |
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Pompa Circenses |
-Parade/procession before the ludi circenses in which the gods were picked up (small representations) from their temples and paraded through the city before being brought to the pulvinar -ritual procession led by magistrate in charge of event featuring singers, dancers, young men, people dressed as satyrs, etc. -do a ritual animal sacrifce in the Circus Maximus before the games |
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How many races were typically held in one day? |
24 (7 laps) -require ~1100-1200 horses |
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eugertism |
the giving of charity and gifts to people to keep them quiet (ie. not rioting) -practiced by Emperoer & elites to prevent riots -gifts included amphitheatres |
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Why are riots particularly problematic in Rome? |
-high density of the urban space means rich & poor are in close proximity -arenas can be close to imperial palace so riots there v. dangerous |
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Is sending in the army a good response to riots? |
No! -army not effective in urban spaces (locals know are much better) -not a guaranteed success & failure will only further enrage rioters -sending in the army is an admission of failure on part of the emperor |
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When did the Roman Empire split and why/how? |
-300s CE -empire too big for one emperor to handle -split into Eastern Roman Empire (capital = Constantinople) and Western Roman Empire (first to collapse) |
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From what perspective are our literary sources on riots? |
-perspective of non-rioters -dismiss reasons behind riots -depict rioters as only poor people -riots generally underreported because they are so frequent |
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Hippodrome |
Greek for "circus" |
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Where did the only riot we know of in an amphitheatre take place? When?
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Pompeii in 59 CE
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What happened in 59 CE?
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Riot in Pompeii (w/ Nucerians) in an amphitheatre
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Pompeii riot 59 CE
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-only known riot to happen in an amphitheatre
-Pompeii vs. Nuceria (fighting Roman colonies; Nuceria was newer, a favourite of Augustus that got some land from Pompeii) -conflict happened in arena, but not at gladiatorial games --> instead was young men from each colony fighting casually w/ wooden weapons for fun (got out of hand) -punishment: Pompeii banned from holding games for 10 years (v. severe and indicates State saw this as political rather than related to games) |
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Why do riots happen at hippodromes? |
-space where it's okay for large crowds to gather -focal point of Emperor's relationship to his people -most people would only see Emperor in hippodrome so he would announce new laws, wars, etc. to receive public feedback -people could express their wishes here -charioteers could also express their views, which is dangerous b/c they could play into factionalism |
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How many factions were in the Eastern Roman Empire and what were they? |
2: blue and green |
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Antioch 507 CE |
Riots that occurred b/c blues let Jews sit in their section -riot led by Porphyrius -burned the Jewish parts of the city -evidence that riots also come from underlying tensions (in this case ethnic) |
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Alexandria 516 CE |
Riot where factions united |
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Constantinople 520 CE |
Riot where factions united |
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When did Constantinople get its hippodrome? |
~203 CE -before it was a large city |
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Nika Riots |
532 CE -factions united against Emperor Justinian -people unhappy about Justinian's attempt to limit factions' power -Justinian holds games to appease people, during 22 race everyone starts yelling "Nika" (victory) and riot -rioters burn down house of City Prefect -Justinian tries to put on more games to make people happy (people try to set fire to hippodrome --> remember location of palace) -rioters increase demands (release 2 prisoners and replace officials); Justinian agrees, but rioters don't stop -people attempt to elect their own emperor (Probus, and then others) -Justinian brings in army (doesn't go well) -Justinian brings bible into hippodrome (doesn't go well) -this riot ends the power of partisans (factions then only unite to fight foreign invaders) |
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Piazza Armerina |
-Villa in Sicily with lots of mosaics/visual evidence of games & spectacle in Ancient Rome -owned by a wealthy person w/ ties to North Africa -images are elaborate, but not necessarily realistic |
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Magistri |
People in charge of training/performing animals |
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Procurator ad elephants |
Person in charge of the State's collection of elephants -State had their own collection where they bred them |
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Venatores immunes |
Army position -job is to capture animals for shows in Rome -freed from other responsibilities like guard duty --> indicates importance of this role |
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Usarii |
Soldiers whose job it was to capture bears |
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vivarium/vivaria |
Place where you keep living animals before doing something with them |
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Syrian Goddess |
Temple stored live animals -zoo tradition -one of 2 temples in Rome that featured this (other for Sol Invictus) -3rd C. CE |
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Sol Invictus |
-unconquered son (sun?) -temple featured live animals -zoo tradition -one of 2 temples like this in Rome (other for Syrian Goddess) -3rd C. CE |
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Pompeii |
-Roman colony -site of only known riot in an amphitheatre |
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Nuceria |
-Roman colony -newer than Pompeii (received some of their land) -favoured by Augustus -rioted in Pompeii (only known riot in an amphitheatre) |
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Constantinople |
-capital of the Eastern Roman Empire -site of a few riots -had a hippodrome (v. important part of city) -after rapid expansion came to surpass Rome |
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Eastern Roman Empire |
~300s CE Rome splits into two empires: Eastern Roman Empire & Western Roman Empire -Eastern Roman Empire lasts longer -emperor had a lot of power and control over the empire, so once it got too big for one person to handle, it was split into two -big on games |
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Probus |
-elected emperor by the people during the Nika riots |
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Justin |
Co-emperor with Justinian in 527 CE -the older one, dies before Nika riots -tries to reduce power of factions in Constantinople |
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Justinian |
-emperor in Nika riots -co-emperor with Justin -tried to reduce power of factions -killed 30,000 people to end Nika riots |
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How to get animals for games in Rome |
1) In war (eg. capture war elephants) 2) Gifts (people would send animals from their home country to Rome) |
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How did Rome respond to the crashing animal population? |
Empire says you can't capture animals without an imperial licence |
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At what age are animals generally caught? |
-young and immature -easier to handle and transport -many still died en route to Rome |
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Is it okay in Rome to capture animals any way you can? |
No! -thought it was wrong to capture noble animals (eg. lions, tigers, etc.) by underhanded means (eg. pits) |
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Ostia |
Rome's port -where all animals coming from abroad arrived |
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Is it better to transport animals by land or sea? |
Sea |
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Porta Maggiore |
vivarium near Rome w/ good access to the Colosseum -had double walls to prevent animals from escaping |
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When were elephants first exhibited in Rome? |
275 BCE |
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"We find it stated in the Annals, that when Felix, a charioteer of the Reds, was placed on the funeral pile, one of his admirers threw himself upon the pile; a very stupid way to behave. In case, however, that this event might not be attributed to the great excellence of the dead man in his art, and so add to his glory, the other parties all declared that he had been overpowered by the strength of the perfumes."
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Pliny the Elder c. 1st C. CE |
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"Tragic Victory: shatter your Idumaean palms. Favour, strike your bare chest with wild blows. Honour, change your clothing. Sad Glory, cast your crowned locks as a gift for the unjust funeral pyre. Alas for the shame of it! Scorpus, cheated and cut down in your youth and so quickly yoking the horses of death. Your wheels always hastened the race – but why was the finishing line of your life so close? " |
Martial 1st C. CE |
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"I’m not sitting here studying the horses’ form: though I still hope that the one you like wins. I come to speak to you, and sit with you, in case you don’t notice how my love’s on fire. You watch the track, and I watch you: we’ll both see what delights us, and both feast our eyes. Happy the charioteer you like! What’s he got, to make him dear to you? Let it be me, flung from the starting gate, I’d be the brave driver urging the horses on, now I’d give them their heads, now touch their backs with the whip, now scrape the turning post with my inside wheel. " |
Ovid (poems) late BCE/early CE |
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"The Senate voted a triumph for the Dictator. The armour he had captured was by far the greatest sight in the procession and they thought them so magnificent that the gilded shields were distributed amongst the owners of the silversmiths' shops to adorn the Forum. People say this is the origin of the aediles’ custom of decorating the Forum when the covered chariots of the three Capitoline deities are conducted in procession through the Forum. The Romans used this armour to honour the gods, but the Campanians, who despised and hated the Samnites, made the gladiators who performed at their banquets wear it, and they then called these gladiators "Samnites.""
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Livy late BCE/early CE |
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1st C. CE Roman oil lamp depicting a Samnite vs. a Hoplomachus |
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Roman marble relief 3rd C. CE showing the emperor dropping the mappa from the pulvinar in the circus. |
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Mosaic from first half of 3rd C. CE depicting all 4 factions -Villa de Sevei (imperial villa of the Severans in Baccano |
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Catching tigers (supposedly) -mosaic in Piazza Armerina |
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Fresco of Pompeii riot 59 CE -House of Actius Anicetus of Pompeii |
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4th C. Roman mosaic of female gladiators in the Piazza Armerina |
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1st or 2nd C. CE bronze figure of a 2 horse chariot with racing chariot. -said to be from Tiber |
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"constructed during his aedileship...the grandest building ever built by man, even when meant to be permanent. I refer to his theatre: it had three stories, supported by 360 columns...The lowest level was marble; the next glass...the top was fashioned from gilded boards...so lavish that when those remnants suitable for everyday use were taken to Scaurus' villa at Tusculum and the villa was burnt by angry slaves, the loss was calculated at thirty million sesterces" |
Pliny the Elder (1st. C. CE) writing about Scaurus's elaborate temporary amphitheatre. |
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uri, vinciri, verberari, ferroque necari -to be burnt, chained, beaten, and killed by the sword |
The gladiatorial oath -Petronius Satyricon 117 |
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Lex Tullia |
63 BCE -prohibits candidates from holding munera during their campaign for office (were exceptions) |
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maenianum summum in ligneis
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Latin name for the upper gallery where women & slaves sat in the amphitheatre (wooden seating). |
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Who was the first person to lay out the Circus Maximus? |
-629 BCE: Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (first Etruscan King, 5th of Rome) |
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balteus |
spinning cylindrical barrier in amphitheatres that prevented wild animals from jumping out of the arena floor. |
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When was the first beast hunt in Rome? |
186 BCE at ludi by M. Fulvius Nobililor |
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When does Pompey the Great finish his stone theatre? |
55 BCE -first permanent theatre in Rome |
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When is Nero's wooden amphitheatre built? |
57 CE |
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When are the inaugural games held in the Colosseum? By whom? |
Titus holds them in 80 CE |
