Clinical Nutrition

Front 1

Versus normal conditions, how does the energy requirement of an animal change if the weather becomes hot? Cold?

Back 1

Both will require higher energy requirements. In hot conditions, energy is spent to release heat. In cold conditions, energy is spent to keep warm.

Front 2

Generally, how does the total body fat of intact males compare to intact females and why?

Back 2

males generally have a lower body fat composition compared to females because of the effects of testosterone.

Front 3

when an animal deteriorates from normal to a low condition score, what tissue types are lost the most?

Back 3

fat and muscle

Front 4

what mineral deficiencies can be on the rule-out list for anemia

Back 4

Fe, Cu

Front 5

A deficiency of what nutrient causes milk fever, and how is it treated?

Back 5

Hypocalcemia. Treated by injecting intravenously.

Front 6

How is RER calculated from body weight?

Back 6

Basal Metabolic rate (kcal) =
70 * body weight (in kg) ^ 0.75

Front 7

why is body weight not correlated linearly with basal metabolic rate?

Back 7

BMR is related to body surface area, which ultimately determines oxygen consumption.

Front 8

What "type" of energy is estimated in feed for dogs?

Back 8

metabolizable energy (ME)

Front 9

What "type" of energy is estimated in feed for cats?

Back 9

metabolizable energy (ME)

Front 10

What "type" of energy is estimated in feed for birds?

Back 10

metabolizable energy (ME)

Front 11

What "type" of energy is estimated in feed for horses?

Back 11

Digestible energy (DE).

Front 12

What "type" of energy is estimated in feed for sheep?

Back 12

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

Front 13

What "type" of energy is estimated in feed for beef cattle?

Back 13

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

Front 14

What "type" of energy is estimated in feed for dairy cattle?

Back 14

Net Energy Lactation (NEL)

Front 15

The bare minimum energy required to sustain an animal that is undergoing absolutely no activity (e.g. comatose)

Back 15

basal metabolic rate

Front 16

list the following conditions as rendering the body to require more- or less-than-normal feed intake:

- diarrhea
- ileus
- fever
- pregnancy
- estrus
- confinement
- trauma
- lack of liver or gut enzymes

Back 16

- diarrhea: more
- ileus (lack of GI movement): less
- fever: more
- pregnancy: more
- estrus: less
- confinement: less
- trauma: more
- lack of liver or gut enzymes: less

Front 17

What is a Blue Bird label? What nutrients must be listed on it?

Back 17

A standardized feed label, according to AAFCO guidelines, that lists aspects about the contents of a feedstuff, including what type of animal/condition it is made for, nutrient profile, ingredients, manufacturer, etc.

Nutrient profile must list, on a by-weight basis, % protein, % fat, % minerals, % dry matter

Front 18

how many kcal/gram of energy are contained in

- fat?
- CHO?
- protein?

Back 18

fat: 8.5 kcal/g
CHO: 3.5 kcal/g
protein: 3.5 kcal/g

Front 19

referring to dietary intake, what is Maintenance?

Back 19

no net loss or gain of tissue, regardless of the body condition score

Front 20

what is the ballpark estimate on how much water an animal needs per day? How does this differ for babies and obese animals?

Back 20

about 5% of body weight

- babies need more than 5%
- obese animals need less because fat requires very little water

Front 21

Name three major ways in which an animal gets water

Back 21

1. Drinks water
2. water in food
3. metabolic water

Front 22

what type of energy requirement could be characterized by the energy needed to maintain an animal in a sedentary state, with minimal activity and digestion?

Back 22

resting energy requirement (RER)

Front 23

what type of energy requirement could be characterized by the energy needed to maintain an animal that is eating and metabolizing food and has a normal activity level?

Back 23

daily energy requirement (DER)

Front 24

how is Daily Energy Requirement (small animals) or Maintenance energy Requirement (large animals) calculated?

Back 24

1.5 - 2 times the RER

RER (kcal) = 70 * weight (kg) ^ 0.75

Front 25

name the essential amino acids

Back 25

(Pvt Tim Hall)

- phenylalanine
- valine
- threonine
- typtophan
- isoleucine
- methionine
- histidine
- arginine
- leucine
- lysine

(cats need taurine and more arginine)

Front 26

for equine and hogs, what is the first limiting amino acid when feeding a corn and soybean ration?

Back 26

lysine

Front 27

generally, how much food do each of these animals need per day:

- horse (hay)?
- beef cow (hay)?
- lactating dairy cow (hay)?
- sheep (hay)?
- dog (dry food)?
- cat (dry food)?

Back 27

- horse: 15-20 lbs hay/day
- beef cow 20-30 lbs hay/day
- lactating dairy cow: 40-60 lbs hay/day
- sheep: 2-4 lbs hay/day
- dog: 1 cup per 20 lbs body weight
- cat: 1/2 cup per day

Front 28

true or false, production animals are generally considered to be at maintenance? Explain.

Back 28

False

They are usually growing, in gestation, and/or lactating

Front 29

what are the three basic commercially available small animal diet types and their moisture content and energy density?

Back 29

1. dry - 6-10% moisture; 350 kcal / 8 oz cup
2. semi-moist: 23-40% moisture; 275 kcal / 8 oz cup
3. canned: 68-80% moisture; 350-500 kcal / 15 oz can

Front 30

what are four common nutritional aspects considered in older small animals?

Back 30

1. lower metabolic rate
2. decreased lean body mass and utilization of protein
3. decreased utilization of vitamins and minerals
4. phosphorus and sodium restriction

Front 31

which trimester of pregnancy requires the most dietary intake and why?

Back 31

3rd trimester
- fetus is growing exponentially
- mammary gland is changing

Front 32

what are the body condition score targets to give birth to healthy neonates in

- mares?
- beef cows?
- dairy cows?

Back 32

- mare: foaling and breeding at 6/9
- beef cow: calve at 5+/9
- dairy cow: minimize loss to 1 BCS point (out of 5)

Front 33

what is flushing?

Back 33

increased feeding prior to breeding to increase fecundity

Front 34

if a dam is poorly nourished, what typically happens in

- Trimester 1?
- Trimester 2?
- Trimester 3?

Back 34

- Trimester 1: fetal loss
- Trimester 2: the dam is committed to the parasitic fetus, so she will sacrifice her own body tissues.
- Trimester 3: glucose and protein disorders in the dam; poor growth of mammary gland (poor production of colostrum/milk); dam will catabolize her own body

Front 35

what is a typical outcome in the neonate if the dam is deficient in:

- Folate?
- Iodine?
- Copper?
- Selenium?

Back 35

- Folate: neural tube defects (e.g. spina bifida)
- Iodine: cretinism
- Cu and Se: impaired immune function

Front 36

what is a common condition in ewes and does as a result of an inappropriate feeding program during gestation?

Back 36

pregnancy toxemia. The dam's stomach is smaller and can not accommodate enough food to support herself and her litter.

Front 37

what are negative outcomes in the dam and calf in cows fed poor quality forage during gestation?

Back 37

protein energy malnutrition
- dam may not produce enough colostrum
- calves can be skinny and weak

Front 38

what condition can result in dairy cows that are fed too many cations in their dry ration?

Back 38

milk fever (hypocalcemia)

Front 39

why should pregnant mares not be allowed to eat fescue grass in late gestation?

Back 39

it contains a mold (endophyte) that prolongs gestation, resulting in weak foals and no milk

Front 40

what is a common complication in pregnant dams that are obese?

Back 40

dystocia (difficult parturition)

Front 41

true or false: limiting food intake can

- limit the size of the fetus?
- reduce the occurrence of dystocia?

Back 41

both are false (common myths)

Front 42

how is nutrient intake expected to change as a result of

- sexual activity?
- late gestation?
- parturition?
- post-partum?

Back 42

- sexual activity: decreased feed intake
- late gestation: decreased feed intake (stomach is compressed)
- parturition: will generally stop eating
- post-partum: feed increases until peak lactation (3-6 weeks)

Front 43

for herbivores, what type of food is optimal for

- gestation?
- periparturitient period?
- lactation?

Back 43

- gestation: high forage
- periparturient: transition ration to acclimate gut to high grain; "lead feed" concentrates 2-3 wk prior to parturition
- lactation: high grain

Front 44

why in camelids and small ruminants is BCS frequently overestimated and what should be done, especially during gestation to prevent a poor BCS score?

Back 44

because their fur can conceal the fact that they are underweight. also, the belly can look deceivingly large when the dam is gravid.

Furry animals should be assessed frequently by palpation to determine BCS.

Front 45

what is the term for the food designed specifically for reproducing small animals?

Back 45

"growth diet"

Front 46

in a diet formulated for reproduction, what nutrients are typically higher with respect to a maintenance diet?

Back 46

protein, fat (carnivores), TDN (ruminants), calcium, phosphorus

(in general, higher energy density)

Front 47

supplementation of nutrients to the dam to achieve an outcome in the fetus/neonate

Back 47

fetal programming

Front 48

in a fetal programming trial supplementing women with DHA, what was the outcome?

Back 48

children with a statistically significantly higher immunity to common illnesses

Front 49

what is TPN?

Back 49

total parenteral nutrition. Giving glucose, amino acids, and lipids intravenously.

Front 50

the first poop that a neonate takes. What is it called and where does it come from?

Back 50

Called meconium, it is the digesta of amniotic contents.

Front 51

what are three metabolic/nutritional needs of the neonate in the 0-24 hour period?

Back 51

- start breathing
- stay warm (brown fat and food)
- acquire colostrum

Front 52

what is an inducible GI enzyme?

Back 52

an enzyme that is upregulated by its substrate. For example, if an animal has low lactase in the GI tract, lactic acid intake in small amounts is required to produce more of this enzyme; otherwise, most of it will pass undigested.

Front 53

what are four important things that a neonate must do (physically and physiologically) in the days 1-7 post parturition?

Back 53

1. acquire food frequently
2. rest
3. develop a functional GI system (and supporting metabolism)
4. avoid neonatal pathogens (e.g. diarrhea and ammonia)

Front 54

how long does it typically take a neonate to start increasing milk consumption, exploring other foods, growing, and increasing its activity?

Back 54

7 days or more

Front 55

What are the three "neonatal periods"

Back 55

- day 0
- days 1-7
- day 7+

Front 56

which domestic mammals acquire some immunoglobulins transplacentally?

Back 56

puppies and kittens

Front 57

what are the three major functional components of colostrum?

Back 57

1. nutrients
2. immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM)
3. "bioreactive components" (e.g. lactoferritin, lymphocytes)

Front 58

which major immunoglobulins can be found in colostrum? Where do these Igs end up in the neonate?

Back 58

- IgG - monomeric; absorbed via pinocytosis into the bloodstream
- IgA - dimeric; secretory component; has a local effect in the GI mucosa
- IgM - pentameric; has a local effect in the GI mucosa

Front 59

where is lactoferrin found, and what is its main function?

Back 59

found in colostrum, it helps to prevent microbe growth by sequestering iron from the milk

Front 60

compared to milk, what nutrient is in lower concentration in colostrum because of its higher energy density?

Back 60

water

Front 61

to obtain adequate antibody transfer, how much colostrum must be consumed by

- puppies?
- kittens?
- small ruminants?
- calves?
- foals?

Back 61

- puppies: 3-10 mL
- kittens: 3-5 mL
- small ruminants: 250-500 mL
- calves: 6-8 L
- foals: 6-10 L

Front 62

what procedure is commonly used in FPT horses to provide Ig?

Back 62

blood or plasma transfusion

Front 63

what does a colostrometer measure?

Back 63

density of colostrum

Front 64

how can passive transfer be assessed?

Back 64

- density of colostrum

neonate serum/plasma assay:
- radial immunodiffusion (RID)
- refractometry
- SNAP tests

Front 65

what are five common reasons that neonates may not be able to ingest enough colostrum?

Back 65

1. poor udder development ("coke bottle teats")
2. mastitis
3. premature birth
4. poor BCS of dam (maybe)
5. rejection by dam

Front 66

what specifically causes a toxicosis in mares that causes a thickened placenta, prolonged gestation, and poor/no milk production

Back 66

fescue grass containing endophyte (mold)

Front 67

what effect was found in swimmers supplemented with bovine colostrum?

Back 67

"elite" swimmers had lower upper respiratory tract symptoms versus controls. "Regular" swimmers had no difference.

Front 68

how is colostrum typically stored, once collected?

Back 68

refrigerated or frozen

Front 69

how should colostrum be unfrozen and why?

Back 69

with little heat to prevent denaturing of proteins

Front 70

puppies:
- how often should they suckle?
- when do they get solid food?
- when are they weaned?

Back 70

- suckle 4-6 times per day
- solid food at 3-4 weeks (gruel of dam's lactation diet)
- wean by 8-10 weeks

Front 71

foals:
- how often do they nurse?
- how often should sick foals be hand fed?
- when do they start exploring other food?
- when are they weaned?
- what should they eat when weaning?

Back 71

- nurse 1-2 minutes, 3-7 times per hour
- should be hand-fed minimum 1-2 times per hour
- will explore food at several days of age
- 4-7 months
- feed foal creep feed during weaning (versus mare's ration)

Front 72

dairy calves:
- when are they separated from dam?
- what are they fed?

Back 72

- separated at birth
- colostrum day 1, followed by milk replacer

Front 73

what type of ration allows for better rumen development in the neonate and why?

Back 73

- milk and grain (versus milk and hay) because it has a higher nutrient density

Front 74

how does milk total solids compare across species?

Back 74

the species with a higher fecundity tend to produce milk with a higher energy density (thicker and less water) because they must supply nutrients for more young.

Front 75

what are four options for orphaned foals to receive milk?

Back 75

1. commercial supplement
2. milk the dam (if foal was rejected)
3. nurse mare
4. raise the foal on a goat

Front 76

what is the nutritionist's recommended amount of milk to be fed to sick neonates?

Back 76

10% of body weight

Front 77

what are four important things to monitor in a sick neonate?

Back 77

1. attitude
2. hydration
3. fecal output and consistency
4. growth rate

Front 78

what is the main reason proposed in a paper that calorie restriction increases longevity?

Back 78

Our bodies evolved to survive in times of famine, so we are not programmed to handle overabundant food.

Front 79

in puppies and kittens, how is the dietary energy requirement (for growth) calculated? How does this change over time?

Back 79

DER = RER x growth factor

the growth factor gets closer to maintenance (1.4-2) as the neonate ages.

Front 80

for weaned puppies and kittens,

- best method of feeding
- frequency of feeding
- type of diet

Back 80

- rationed; avoid free-choice
- at least 2 feedings per day
- small and medium breeds, use growth/lactaion diet
- large breeds need food with less energy and less calcium
- limit treats and supplements

Front 81

why is it bad to feed a "urinary tract health" diet to a growing kitten?

Back 81

because these foods can be acidifying and can demineralize bone

Front 82

what are seven clinical signs of developmental orthopedic disease?

Back 82

1. contracted tendons
2. wobblers
3. physitis
4. osteochondrosis
5. osteochondritis dissecans
6. angular limb deformities
7. hip displasia

Front 83

a syndrome of musculoskeletal diseases related to juvenile nutritional deficiencies, and characterized by severe bone deformities.

Back 83

developmental orthopedic disease

Front 84

what is developmental orthopedic disease (DOD)?

Back 84

a syndrome of musculoskeletal diseases related to juvenile nutritional deficiencies, and characterized by severe bone deformities.

Front 85

what are four risk factors for developmental orthopedic disease?

Back 85

1. genetic predisposition (e.g. large breed dog or excess insulin and IGF-1)
2. overfeeding
3. dogs - excess Ca and Vitamin D
4. Horses - Cu and Zn deficiencies

Front 86

In ruminants, what is the ultimate nutititional goal for

- harvest animals?
- replacement animals?

Back 86

- harvest animals: rapid growth; grain early and abundant
- replacement animal: moderate growth; reach targets for puberty

Front 87

what are two methods to feed market lambs and feedlot heifers/steers?

Back 87

1. high concentrate (> 75%) at weaning and continue until harvest
2. "stocker" phase. Feed high forage for moderate growth and finish on high concentrate rations

Front 88

for replacement dairy ruminants, why is targeting the weight for puberty important? How does obesity during puberty affect production?

Back 88

because the reproductive systems grow exponentially during puberty. Obesity during puberty is associated with poor mammary development due to deposition of fat in the udder.

Front 89

what is stair-step feeding? how does it theoretically work? Pros? Cons?

Back 89

- periods of minimal growth (feeding) interspersed with rapid growth, as opposed to linear feeding based on age.
- Supposedly mimics nature, e.g. limited growth in the winter and rapid growth in the spring
- pros: higher milk production
- cons: more intensive management; should not be used with horses

Front 90

for dairy animals, what are the two general considerations for feeding for growth?

Back 90

1. forage availability and quality (pasture and hay)
2. supplementing with concentrates

Front 91

what are the three basic types of athletic performance and how do they utilize fuel?

Back 91

1. sprint - anerobic glycolysis
2. intermediate (e.g. hunting) - anaerobic and aerobic
3. endurance: aerobic - oxidation of CHO, protein, and fat

Front 92

why is fat a more efficient way of storing energy than others?

Back 92

because fat does not require water for storage (unlike CHO and protein), it can store more kcal per unit volume

Front 93

what are the muscle types, fiber size, contractile speed, glycogenolytic activity, capillary density, and # in endurance animals

Back 93

Front 94

what type of muscle fiber is best for endurance athletes and why?

Back 94

Type I because they have a higher capillary density and therefore are efficient at aerobic glycolysis

Front 95

what type of muscle fiber is best for sprinters and why?

Back 95

Type III because they have high contractile speed and a high capacity for glycogenolysis

Front 96

for performance animals, where do the most water losses occur in the horse, dog, and cow?

Back 96

horse: sweating
dog and cow: respiration

Front 97

what are the preferred nutrients for the endurance athlete and the sprinting athlete?

Back 97

- endurance: fat
- sprinting: CHO (carb load at least 6 hours prior)

Front 98

why and how can fat be a useful nutrient for the sprinting athlete?

Back 98

- muscles can be adapted to use fat for fuels, which have more energy density
- takes up to 6 weeks for fat adaptation

Front 99

how much protein should be supplemented to an athlete's diet?

Back 99

none. The increased intake is adequate to compensate for increased protein demand

Front 100

what vitamins are required for horses and dogs for athletic performance?

Back 100

- Horses: A, E, thiamine, folacin, B
- dogs: E, C, B

Front 101

for athletic performance, what is the role of B vitamins?

Back 101

energy metabolism

Front 102

for athletic performance, what is the role of vitamin A?

Back 102

antioxidant

Front 103

for athletic performance, what is the role of vitamin E?

Back 103

antioxidant

Front 104

for athletic performance, what is the role of vitamin C?

Back 104

antioxidant

Front 105

how does DER vary between the different athletic types?

Back 105

- sprinters: close to maintenance
- intermediate: 2.5 X RER
- endurance: 5-11 X RER

Front 106

why would a hunting dog collapse 30-60 minutes into intense exercise if fed immediately prior to hunting?

Back 106

- body has high insulin levels because the dog just ate
- because of this, gluconeogenesis is down-regulated

Front 107

what is the basic pathogenesis of "Monday Morning Disease" in horses?

Back 107

- grain fed on off-day
- glycogen-loaded muscle rapidly undergoes gluconeogenesis
- result is anaerobic respiration and high lactic acid concentrations, leading to quick fatigue

Front 108

why do you not want to feed forage to a racehorse the night before?

Back 108

because it acts as ballast

Front 109

in sprinting horses, what can be supplemented to reduce lactic acidosis?

Back 109

bicarb (if allowed)

Front 110

for lactating cows and does, how does net energy requirement, body weight, and net energy lactation change over time?

Back 110

for the first 2.5 months or so, the dam has to produce so much milk that she is in a negative energy balance. she will lose body weight as a result. after that, her intake will exceed requirement and she will gain weight

Front 111

for lactating does and cows, why is it important to add grain to the diet?

Back 111

1. their intake is 2-5x maintenance and they have limited intake capacity
2. the udder not sensitive to insulin, so the dam must be able to make abundant CHOs

Front 112

what is the maximum fat for a ruminant and why?

Back 112

6%, because fat, being a detergent, is bacteriostatic and will disrupt normal flora

Front 113

if a ruminant is going to be fed a high grain diet, what should be supplemented along with it and why?

Back 113

Na bicarb to buffer acid production in rumen from increased fermentation

Front 114

on a visual observation, how many cows should be chewing their cud?

Back 114

at least 1/2

Front 115

how does the distribution of optimal nutrient concentration vary with the degree of performance (e.g. athlete, production, growth, maintenance)?

Back 115

Front 116

why do we think that dietary fiber is important for monogastrics?

Back 116

- good stool consistency (constipation vs. diarrhea)
- colonic bacteria convert fiber to butyrate, which nourishes colonic mucosa
- soluble fiber will blunt or moderate glucose absorption

Front 117

name six generalized disorders exacerbated by obesity

Back 117

1. arthritis
2. CV disease
3. diabetes
4. immune function and neoplasia
5. poor reproductive efficiency
6. increased GI and skin disorders

Front 118

in a recent Canadian study, how did body mass index (BMI) in humans contribute to mortality rates?

Back 118

- severely underweight and severely overweight: higher risk of death
- slightly overweight: lower risk of death versus normal and underweight

Front 119

what are risk factors for obesity?

Back 119

1. hypothyroidism
2. breed (dog, horse)
3. environment (e.g. too much luch grain for Hereford cattle, who are used to harsh environments)
4. neutering
5. sedentary lifestyle
6. obese owners

Front 120

in general, how does resting metabolic rate compare in obese versus normal animals?

Back 120

they are the same

Front 121

what are the two pathophysiologic types of obesity?

Back 121

1. hypertrophic
2. hyperplastic

Front 122

why is hyperplastic obesity desirable in beef calves?

Back 122

to increase marbling

Front 123

what are the two major ways that the body stores energy?

Back 123

1. glycogen
2. fat

Front 124

what are the five pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with obesity?

Back 124

CYTOKINES:
1. TNF
2. IL-6
ADIPOKINES:
3. leptin
4. adiponectin
5. resistin

Front 125

what are the three main sites for fat deposition?

Back 125

1. subQ
2. visceral
3. retroperitoneal

Front 126

what are the two pathophysiologic types of obesity?

Back 126

1. hypertrophic
2. hyperplastic

Front 127

why is hyperplastic obesity desirable in beef calves?

Back 127

to increase marbling

Front 128

what are the two major ways that the body stores energy?

Back 128

1. glycogen
2. fat

Front 129

what are the five pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with obesity?

Back 129

CYTOKINES:
1. TNF
2. IL-6
ADIPOKINES:
3. leptin
4. adiponectin
5. resistin

Front 130

what are the three main sites for fat deposition?

Back 130

1. subQ
2. visceral
3. retroperitoneal

Front 131

with regards to obesity and treatment of obesity, how are CHO and fat interrelated?

Back 131

- CHO can be converted to fat
- however, fat cannot be converted to CHO
- need glucose to burn fat (Krebs cycle)

Front 132

how do stress and corticosteroids affect lipolysis?

Back 132

they upregulate the process

Front 133

how does insulin relate to lipolysis?

Back 133

high insulin inhibits lipolysis and vice-versa

Front 134

which body tissues/organs can use NEFAs as fuel?

Back 134

- liver
- muscle
- heart
- NOT THE BRAIN

Front 135

when NEFAs enter the liver after lipolysis, what three things can happen to them?

Back 135

1. they can be transported into the mitochondria (via carnitine) and burned as fuel
2. they can be reesterified to trigs and exported by the liver as lipoproteins
3. they can be converted to ketone bodies in the liver mitochondria

Front 136

which animals are particularly sensitive to hepatic lipidosis and why?

Back 136

cats and ruminants. This because their diets have caused them to evolve to have limited ability to export fat from the liver. They both rely on gluconeogenesis due to their limited CHO absorption/intake.

Front 137

what substance is required to transport NEFAs into the mitochondria?

Back 137

carnitine

Front 138

what is a common nutritional disorder in horses that could be caused by putting an obese horse onto a rapid weight loss diet?

Back 138

hyperlipidemia

Front 139

what is the basic pathophysiological reason why hepatic lipidosis can paradoxically exist?

Back 139

even though the body is in a negative energy balance, the body cannot signal to the liver to release fat. The fatty liver, however, signals to the hypothalamus that it is full, thus decreasing appetite

Front 140

what are three risk factors for feline idiopathic hepatic lipidosis?

Back 140

1. obesity
2. stressful event (surgery, new cat, owner on vacation)
3. diabetes

Front 141

what are six typical clinical signs of feline hepatic lipidosis?

Back 141

1. formerly obese, but now thin
2. anorexia
3. icterus
4. elevated liver enzymes
5. hypoalbuminemia
6. muscle wasting

Front 142

what is the recommended way to treat a cat with hepatic lipidosis?

Back 142

- assisted feeding through a NG tube, PEG tube, or parenterally
- high quality protein and added fat (high energy density)

Front 143

what is the Tx and prognosis for a cow in hepatic lipidosis?

Back 143

1. force feed (drench propionate, electrolytes, fluids)
2. IV dextrose
3. B vitamins
4. insulin
prognosis: poor

Front 144

what is the Tx for equine hyperlipidemia? prognosis?

Back 144

- IV fluids + heparin (heparin activates lipoprotein lipase)
- IV dextrose
- insulin
prognosis: poor

Front 145

the owner tells you that yesterday, Diogi, his favorite dairy cow, was doing fine, today she is acting a bit strangely, is restless, and not eating. He says Diogi was confirmed to be pregnant by his normal veterinarian, who is on vacation in Poland. He also mentioned that his wife started using a new shampoo and it seems that the cows can smell it when they are being milked. What is a nutritionally based rule-out, what would be the clinical signs, and how would you test?

Back 145

- bovine spontaneous ketosis

- common ketosis: off-feed, firm feces, decreased milk
- nervous ketosis: salivation, wandering, blind, hyperaesthetic, circling

- check for ketones in urine or milk (urine is better)

(the shampoo has nothing to do with anything)

Front 146

what is the Tx for bovine spontaneous ketosis?

Back 146

- IV dextrose
- oral propylene glycol (glucose precursor converted in rumen)
- +/- glucocorticoids

Front 147

what organ systems should be checked when an early lactation cow is sick?

Back 147

Do the RUMBA.

Rumen
Uterus
Mammary Gland
Bronchial Tree
Abomasum

Front 148

what serious condition can be caused in cows with ketosis?

Back 148

displaced abomasum

Front 149

what are six clinical signs for pregnancy toxemia in sheep? prognosis?

Back 149

1. anorexia
2. neurologic signs (e.g. ataxia)
3. constipation
4. hypoglycemia
5. ketosis
6. renal failure
prognosis: poor to guarded

Front 150

pregnancy toxemia in sheep Tx

Back 150

- remove lambs
- IV dextrose
- oral propylene glycol
- IV fluids
- oral calcium

Front 151

what is the best way to prevent pregnancy toxemia in sheep at high risk of developing it?

Back 151

feed grain in late gestation

Front 152

in periparturient queens and bitches, what are two common rule-outs for animals presenting with panting, muscle tremors, tetany, and hyperexcitability?

Back 152

1. eclampsia (hypocalcemia)
2. hypoglycemia

Front 153

why is hypoglycemia always a rule-out in weak small animal neonates?

Back 153

because they are still developing the systems for glucose regulation; before parturition, the dam regulated the glucose concentration transplacentally

Front 154

when an animal stops eating, how long does it take to lose inducible GI enzymes?

Back 154

3-5 days

Front 155

what are MCTs and when are they indicated?

Back 155

- medium chain triglycerides
- 6-12 carbons long
- not incorporated into chylomicrons
- indicated in fat malbosorption syndromes because they are put right into the portal circulation

Front 156

what is the essential omega-6 FA?
what is the essential omega-3 FA?
for each, what are common sources of these nutrients?

Back 156

- n-6: linoleic acid (corn and soy oil)
- n-3: alpha-linolenic acid (flax)

Front 157

what is the process of grain overload?

Back 157

- excess grain consumed
- rapid increase in VFA production
- subsequent drop in rumen pH
- pH 5, rumen stops
- hyperosmolar rumen: dehydration
- shift in rumen microbes

Front 158

what are five clinical signs of grain overload?

Back 158

1. off feed
2. enlarged rumen that sloshes when they walk or is ballotted
3. +/- diarrhea (hyperosmotic rumen)
4. down/dead
5. rumen pH < 5

Front 159

grain overload Tx

Back 159

1. IV fluids + bicarb
2. rumen lavage
3. oral antacids
4. parenteral antibiotics
5. hay (no grain)
6 may have to cull

Front 160

what is low milk fat syndrome? How is it treated?

Back 160

when milk protein exceeds milk fat, usually to a decrease in milk fat.

Treated by adding grain

Front 161

what are two clinical signs of acute laminits?

Back 161

1. increased digital pulses
2. unwillingness to move

Front 162

what are two clinical signs of chronic laminits?

Back 162

1. hardship grooves in dorsal wall
2. horse: ventral rotation of the tip of P3

Front 163

what other nutrient besides protein is abundant in muscle?

Back 163

phosphorous

Front 164

what fractions of nephrons must be destroyed in order to see clinical renal disease?

Back 164

2/3

Front 165

renal disease manifests in the excess/deficit of what four classes of blood solutes?

Back 165

1. fluids
2. electrolytes
3. hormones
4. metabolic waste products

Front 166

what are seven common etiologies for direct kidney damage (besides trauma)?

Back 166

1. toxins
2. infectious disease
3. congenital abnormalities
4. neoplasia
5. immunologic disorders
6. pre-renal disorders
7. post-renal disorders (obstructed urine outflow)

Front 167

what are four things that can cause pre-renal diesase?

Back 167

1. shock
2. hemorrhage
3. dehydration
4. pregnancy toxemia

Front 168

what is post-renal disease, and what are three common causes?

Back 168

obstructed urine outflow

1. calculi
2. tumors
3. paralysis

Front 169

what three major pathological processes are associated with renal damage due to high protein intake?

Back 169

1. increased GFR (because of increased glucagon levels)
2. proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis
3. increased acid load and protein waste products (e.g. uremia)

Front 170

the presence of excess amounts of urea in the blood, which may be a sign of kidney diesase or failure

Back 170

uremia

Front 171

a toxic condition resulting from kidney disease in which there is retention in the bloodstream of nitrogenous waste products normally excreted in the urine

Back 171

azotemia

Front 172

clinically, how are the terms uremia and azotemia used differently

Back 172

- uremia is usually applied when speaking of the physiologic state of the animal

- azotemia is usually applied when referring to the results of bloodwork

Front 173

why do carnivores have a higher protein requirement than herbivores?

Back 173

because carnivores (esp. obligate carnivores such as cats) use protein for gluconeogenesis, whereas herbivores use VFAs

Front 174

hardening of the glomerular capillary

Back 174

glomerularsclerosis

Front 175

in carnivores with kidney disease, how do we give them enough of their required protein while minimizing further kidney damage caused by protein?

Back 175

give them restricted amounts of high quality (high Essential/Non-Essential) protein (e.g. Hill's k/d diet)

Front 176

what is the main clinical pathological result of putting a small animal with renal disease on a diet with restricted, high-quality proteins (e.g. Hill's k/d)

Back 176

decreased BUN

Front 177

in human trials, how was reduced protein intake correlated with the progression of renal disease?

Back 177

there was no statistically significant result

Front 178

how do omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids correlate with the progression of renal disease in dogs?

Back 178

omega-3: renoprotective
omega-6: enhanced renal injury

Front 179

what type of antibody is most related to food allergies?

Back 179

IgE

Front 180

what is the molecular weight range of most dietary protein allergens?

Back 180

18-36 kDa

Front 181

in dogs, what is the normal site of inflammation in a food hypersensitivity reaction?

Back 181

skin

Front 182

what three digestive-related disorders may result in protein hypersensitivity?

Back 182

1. maldigestive disorders such as pancreatitis
2. inflammatory mucosal disorders such as IBD or Crohns
3. T-suppressor dysfunction in GALT

Front 183

what is the most effective way to treat protein hypersensitivity?

Back 183

use alternate proteins (trial and error)

Front 184

what is the difference between food allergy and food intolerance?

Back 184

food allergy involves a bona fide immunologic hypersensitivity, whereas food intolerance results from other factors such as the inability to digest a nutrient (e.g. lactose intolerace) and does not involve an allergic response

Front 185

what are three major sources of ammonia in the body?

Back 185

- byproduct of protein breakdown
- conversion of urea to ammonia by urease positive microbes
- microbial breakdown of protein

Front 186

what are four common large animal feeds in which urea supplementation can be beneficial?

Back 186

- corn grain
- corn silage
- corn stalks
- molasses

Front 187

if a ruminant has been on a high-forage diet for a long time, why is it dangerous to suddenly supplement the diet with large amounts of urea?

Back 187

because the microbial production of ammonia will exceed the ability of the liver's capacity to convert it back to urea

Front 188

what is the classic clinical presentation of an animal with urea/NPN toxicosis?

Back 188

SLUD

- Salivation
- Lacrimation
- Urination
- Diarrhea
- ataxia, incoordination, tetany, death

Front 189

if urea/NPN toxicosis is suspected, what else should be considered as a rule-out?

Back 189

organophosphate toxicosis

Front 190

how is urea/NPN toxicosis treated in the ruminant?

Back 190

- acidify the rumen (e.g. with vinegar)
- evacuate the rumen with a tube or surgery

Front 191

why would ataxia and incoordination be associated with urea/NPN toxicosis in non-ruminants?

Back 191

hepatic encephalopathy

Front 192

in NON-ruminants, how can hepatic encephalopathy treated?

Back 192

- restrict protein in diet
- put lactulose in the diet. Microbes ferment this to acid and ion trap ammonia
- sterilize the colon (betadine enema) to minimize ammonia formation

Front 193

what are the two body protein pools?

Back 193

1. somatic: muscle
2. visceral: blood and circulating proteins

Front 194

what type of protein is catabolized first during a negative energy balance?

Back 194

visceral

Front 195

what are four common reasons for protein energy malnutrition?

Back 195

1. inadequate in feed (e.g. poor quality)
2. inadequate intake
3. unable to digest and/or absorb (e.g. Johnes)
4. unable to retain (e.g. renal disease, diarrhea, Johnes)

Front 196

in humans, protein deficiency despite adequate energy intake

Back 196

Kwashiorkor

Front 197

severe protein malnutrition in late gestation females

Back 197

marasmus

Front 198

what is "refeeding syndrome?"

Back 198

acute hypophosphatemia associated with rapid provision of CHO to severely malnourished patients. Can lead to electrolyte imbalances, cardiac failure, edema, and death

Front 199

in emaciated horses, divided into three cohorts and fed either alfalfa hay, oat hay, or 50% oat hay:50% commercial supplement, what was the result?

Back 199

"refeeding syndrome" was most acute with the highest quality ration (alfalfa), whereas in the mixed diet, it took longer

Front 200

what was supplemented to dogs to decrease aggression and hyperactivity?

Back 200

tryptophan

Front 201

what are four common diseases associated with hypocalcemia and the species that they affect?

Back 201

1. milk fever (parturient pariesis) in dairy cows
2. transport tetany in mares
3. hypocalcemia in cows, ewes, does
4. eclampsia in bitches and queens

Front 202

what are two major reasons for hypocalcemia in the cow's periparturient period?

Back 202

1. Ca goes into colostrum
2. they stop eating

Front 203

what are two hormones to counteract hypocalcemia

Back 203

1. PTH
2. Vitamin D

Front 204

what is the traditional theory of why cows can't mobilize calcium, thus being predisposed to milk fever? What is the current theory?

Back 204

old theory: High Ca in alfalfa hay has a negative feedback on the parathyroid glands

new theory: alfalfa hay is high in K+, making the cow systemically alkalotic, and the PTH receptors work best at lower pH

Front 205

what are the clinical signs of early, mid, and late stages of milk fever?

Back 205

- early: mild excitement, tetany, hyperthemia
- mid: depression, flaccid paralysis, recumbency, tachycardia, hypothermia
- late: coma and death

Front 206

what are the three general roles of calcium with regards to muscle tonus?

Back 206

1. in the muscle cells for contraction
2. nerve impulse conduction
3. released by the motor neurons to stimulate muscle contraction (motor unit)

Front 207

how does muscle tone differ in cows, mares, and bitches during periparturient hypocalcemia?

Back 207

- cows rapidly go to a flaccid state
- horse (transport tetany) and bitches (eclampsia) remain tetanic

Front 208

how does age affect periparturient hypocalcemia in the cow and the bitch?

Back 208

- cow: older females
- bitch: younger females

Front 209

how is a cow with milk fever treated?

Back 209

- if down, IV Ca (Ca borogluconate)
- if standing, oral Ca

Front 210

what responses would be expected from a cow with milk fever after she has been administered calcium?

Back 210

- reduced heart rate
- muscle tonus
- defecation and urination
- belching

Front 211

what are three nutritional ways to reduce the risk of milk fever?

Back 211

1. maintain adequate intake in late gestation / early lactation
2. low K diets in dry period (no alfalfa)
3. anionic (acidic) diets in the dry period (boosts PTH receptor affinity)

Front 212

when does eclampsia occur in the bitch?

Back 212

at peak lactation (3-4 weeks)

Front 213

what are five clinical signs of eclampsia in the bitch?

Back 213

1. restlessness
2. vocal (whiny)
3. stiff gait
4. ataxic
5. clonic-tonic seizures

Front 214

what is a clonic-tonic seizure?

Back 214

cycles of tetany and convulsive spasms

Front 215

what are three risk factors for eclampsia in the bitch?

Back 215

1. litter size
2. toy breeds
3. dam is < 4 years old

Front 216

how is eclampsia treated in the bitch?

Back 216

- IV Ca gluconate
- remove pups for 24 h
- wean pups if eclampsia reoccurs
- evaluate if Ca > P

Front 217

when does eclampsia occur in queens?

Back 217

last three weeks of pregnancy

Front 218

what are five clinical signs of eclampsia in the queen?

Back 218

1. depression
2. weakness
3. muscle tremors
4. hypothermia
5. flaccidity

Front 219

what are two risk factors for eclampsia in the queen?

Back 219

1. poor diet
2. excess Ca supplementation during pregnancy (down regulates PTH secretion)

Front 220

what usually occurs with eclampsia in the queen?

Back 220

hypoglycemia

Front 221

how is hypocalcemia (eclampsia) treated in the queen?

Back 221

- IV Ca (1-1.5 mg/kg)
- IV dextrose
- oral Ca suspension

Front 222

what animals are particularly susceptible to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Back 222

young, growing animals and reptiles

Front 223

why can feeding a meat-only diet cause secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Back 223

because meat has a huge reverse Ca:P ratio

Front 224

what are three nutritional causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Back 224

1. "meat-only" diet (too much P)
2. hypovitaminosis D
3. inadequate dietary calcium

Front 225

why are camelids in Oregon susceptible to secondary hyperparathyroidism

Back 225

because they do not get enough sunshine (versus the Andes, for example) to make enough vitamin D

Front 226

what is the end-result of hyperphosphatemia? What is the pathogenesis?

Back 226

- bone degeneration
- hyperphosphatemia --> increased PTH secretion --> increased bone reabsorption

Front 227

what are the main clinical signs of hyperphosphatemia?

Back 227

- pathologic fractures
- lameness
- paralysis (if spinal cord fractures)

Front 228

what disease in large animals is associated with hyperphosphatemia?

Back 228

fibrous osteodystrophy

Front 229

what is grass tetany? clinical signs? what are the two main causes?

Back 229

- hypomagnesemia seen in ruminants
- belligerent, ataxic, muscle tremors, salivation, bruxism (teeth grinding), seizures, recumbency

1. lactating cow on lush spring grass
2. 2-4 month-old calves on milk replacer

Front 230

how can you tell grass tetany from urea toxicosis?

Back 230

hypomagnesemia is sporadic, whereas urea toxicosis would affect all animals eating the contaminated feed

Front 231

what are risk factors for hypomagnesemia in cows?

Back 231

- high dietary concentration of K, N, citrate, and Al, which all decrease Mg absorption

Front 232

why can excess dietary potassium (e.g. in alfalfa grass) lead to grass tetany?

Back 232

K reduces Mg absorption in the rumen, thus leading to hypomagnesemia

Front 233

how is hypomagnesemia in ruminants treated?

Back 233

- IV, oral, or enema Mg
- high Mg mineral free choice

Front 234

in small animals, when are magnesium levels usually assessed most often?

Back 234

critical care cases:
- cardiac function
- long-term parenteral nutrition

Front 235

what are the main causes of hypokalemia in cats?

Back 235

- chronic overacidification of the diet (e.g. urinary tract diet)
- anorexia, diuresis, diabetes, insulin therapy, vomiting, diarrhea

Front 236

what are the clinical signs and treatment of hypokalemia in cats?

Back 236

- ventroflexion of the neck, stiff gait, exercise reluctance
- treatment: IV or oral K

Front 237

what are two common risk factors for hypokalemia in cows?

Back 237

- off feed (they should be supplemented with K)
- repeated use of corticosteroids

Front 238

stones in the urinary tract

Back 238

urolithiasis

Front 239

what crystals occur with acidic and basic urine?

Back 239

- acidic: struvite
- basic: ammonium urate; Ca oxalate

Front 240

what is a nidus with regards to urolithiasis?

Back 240

a place for a stone to seed in the urinary tract:
- debris from UTI
- mucosal debris (e.g. from inadequate vitamin A)

Front 241

what are five clinical signs/ways that urolithiasis can be diagnosed?

Back 241

1. aberrant urination (esp. with blood)
2. difficulty urinating or no urination
3. palpation of bladder
4. radiograph/ultrasound
5. crystals in urine and urine pH

Front 242

what are the two main ways to treat urolithiasis

Back 242

- pH altering diet
- Sx

Front 243

what is the best way to prevent urolithiasis and what are three ways to do it?

Back 243

- increase water intake
1. add salt to diet
2. feed canned food
3. clean water trough (palatibility)

Front 244

what three compounds are commonly added to diets to acidify the urine?

Back 244

1. ammonium chloride
2. ammonium sulfate
3. dl-methionine

Front 245

what areas of the US are deficient and rich in selenium?

Back 245

- deficient - west, mid-west, east coast
- rich: plains, south, south-west

Front 246

who are at highest risk of selenium deficiency?

Back 246

young animals

Front 247

what are two essential functions of selenium-containing proteins?

Back 247

1. GSH --> GSSG (glutathine peroxidase) - antioxidant
2. T4 --> T3 (iodothyronine deiodinase)

Front 248

what are some syndromes associated with selenium deficiency in ruminants?

Back 248

- white muscle disease
- retained placenta
- stillbirths
- neonatal weakness
- diarrhea
- poor doers

Front 249

white muscle disease:
- etiology
- pathogenesis
- gross pathology

Back 249

- selenium deficiency in ruminants
- due to lack of antioxidant activity, heart muscle is damaged and replaced with fibrous scar tissue, which can mineralize in advanced stages of the disease
- heart presents with massive white streaks in the myocardium

Front 250

what are some syndromes associated with selenium deficiency in horses?

Back 250

- neonatal weakness
- white muscle dz
- adult myodeneration
- equine degenrative myleoencepalopathy with steatitis

Front 251

in diseases with selenium deficiency, what nutrient can also be involved?

Back 251

Vitamin E

Front 252

what are two common methods to prevent selenium deficiency?

Back 252

1. oral supplementation (e.g. salt block or supplement in grain)
2. parenteral (short term; lasts days to weeks)

Front 253

why is Se regulated by the FDA?

Back 253

Because a crappy paper from 1940 provided shoddy evidence that it is carcinogenic.

Front 254

what equine disease is caused by selenium toxicosis? etiology? Clinical signs?

Back 254

- alkali disease
- selenium-containing plants
- cracked hooves, loss of hair on tail

Front 255

in which animals is copper deficiency most common?

Back 255

ruminants

Front 256

Cu deficiency can be caused by high concentrations of what other elements?

Back 256

Mo, S, Fe

Front 257

what are four enzymes that require copper and their function?

Back 257

1. ceruloplasmin - antioxidant, RBC formation
2. lysyl oxidase - cross-linking of collagen (involved in developmental orthopedic diseases)
3. tyrosinase - hair color
4. cytochrome c oxidase - nervous system

Front 258

what are three clinical signs associated with copper deficiency?

Back 258

- achromotrichia - lack of hair color due to lack of tyrosinase enzyme
- lameness / osteochondritis dissecans - lack of bone and cartilage formation
- enzootic ataxia - poor formation of spinal cord

Front 259

what are two ways to treat copper deficiency?

Back 259

1. parenteral injections
2. add (more) copper to mineral supplement

Front 260

what are two ways to prevent copper deficiency?

Back 260

1. Cu oxide boluses
2. add more Cu to mineral supplement

Front 261

which herbivore needs the most copper? Least?

Back 261

horses need the most; sheep need the least; cows are in the middle

Front 262

what are two pathogeneses for copper toxicosis?

Back 262

1. liver capacity to store copper is exceeded
2. stress-associated Cu release from the liver

Front 263

who (species, breeds) are particularly susceptible to copper toxicosis

Back 263

1. sheep
2. Bedlington Terriers
3. Doberman pinschers (chronic active hepatitis)

Front 264

what are 10 clinical and pathological signs of Cu toxicosis?

Back 264

1. anorexia
2. weakness
3. hemoglobinurea
4. hemoglobinemia
5. icterus
6. anemia
7. hemolytic crisis
8. death
9. "gun metal blue" kidneys
10. dark blue urine

Front 265

is copper toxicosis treated in
- Bedlington terriers?
- sheep?

Back 265

- Bedlington terriers: D penicillamine (chelates Cu)
- sheep: oral ammonium molybdate and Na sulfate; add moly ration to water

Front 266

what is phytic acid?

Back 266

a source of phosphorus in forage

Front 267

what four minerals can interfere with zinc?

Back 267

Cu, Ca, P (phytic acid in forage), and Fe

Front 268

what are three important roles for zinc?

Back 268

1. metalloenzymes, e.g. Cu-Zn SOD
2. hormone formation: testosterone
3. Vitamin A metabolism

Front 269

Analogy:

Se is to Vitamin E as Zn is to ____

Back 269

Vitamin A

Front 270

what nutrient is required for vitamin A metabolism?

Back 270

Zinc

Front 271

what are four clinical signs of zinc deficiency in ruminants?

Back 271

1. reduced growth/intake
2. parakeratosis/hyperkeratosis (too much stratum corneum)
3. reduced immunity
4. bad feet

Front 272

what are four clinical signs of zinc deficiency in horses?

Back 272

1. DOD
2. bad skin
3. immunodeficiency
4. bad feet

Front 273

what are three clinical signs of zinc deficiency in dogs?

Back 273

1. skin lesions
2. keratitis
3. conjunctivitis

Front 274

what are two basic ways to prevent zinc deficiency?

Back 274

1. adequate zinc in the diet
2. avoid antagonists

Front 275

where in the US is iodine deficiency most prevalent?

Back 275

great lakes regions

Front 276

what are three clinical signs of iodine deficiency?

Back 276

1. goiter
2. weak, hairless newborns
3. reproductive problems

Front 277

how is iodine deficiency treated?

Back 277

iodized salt

Front 278

what two species are most sensitive to cobalt deficiency?

Back 278

sheep and cattle

Front 279

in monogastrics, what vitamin deficiency can occur as a result of a vegan diet?

Back 279

Vitamin B12

Front 280

what is the role of vitamin B12 in ruminants?

Back 280

propionic acid metabolism

Front 281

what is commonly injected into anorexic animals as an appetite stimulant?

Back 281

B12

Front 282

what causes pernicious anemia?

Back 282

hypovitaminosis B12

Front 283

why is milk a poor source of iron?

Back 283

lactoferrin sequesters the iron to prevent bacterial growth

Front 284

why are baby pigs at risk for iron deficiency?

Back 284

- no dirt or dirty treats to eat
- rapid growth

Front 285

what are three clinical signs of iron deficiency in piglets?

Back 285

1. anemia
2. dyspnea/thumps
3. poor doer

Front 286

iron deficiency in piglets Tx

Back 286

- at 7-10 days, inject chelated iron and repeat in 2-3 weeks

Front 287

why is IV Fe dextran not the best idea to supplement to race horses?

Back 287

every now and then, it will kill one

Front 288

what are the four requirements for a substance to be classified as a vitamin?

Back 288

1. micronutrient
2. essential for metabolism with a defined function
3. specific syndrome noted with deficiency
4. must be supplied in the diet

Front 289

what is a specific syndrome noted with vitamin A deficiency?

Back 289

night blindness

Front 290

what are some provitamins of
- A?
- D?
- K?

Back 290

- A: beta-cartene
- D: ergocalciferol; cholecalciferol
- K: menandione (synthetic K3), phylloquinone (K1), menaquinone (K2)

Front 291

which vitamins
- are involved in energy transfer?
- are antioxidants?
- are hormones?
- are involved in blood clotting?

Back 291

- are involved in energy transfer: B vitamins
- are antioxidants: beta-carotene, retinol, tocopherol, C
- are hormones: A and D
- are involved in blood clotting: K

Front 292

why are vitamins A and D routinely given to pregnant cows and calves?

Back 292

- to overwinter
- stored or poor forages have little A
- no sunshine in barn (D)

Front 293

why is it inadvisable to give animals grazing on lush pasture vitamins A and D?

Back 293

they are abundant in pasture

Front 294

which form of vitamin E is added to diets? which is commonly found in natural sources?

Back 294

- supplement: alpha-tocopherol
- natural: gamma-tocopherol

Front 295

why is vitamin E supplemented to beef cattle?

Back 295

the meat stays red on the shelf longer (antioxidant)

Front 296

how are vitamins and rat poisons related?

Back 296

- warfarin is a Vitamin K agonist
- vitamin D is a rat poison

Front 297

why should vitamin K3 not be administered?

Back 297

it is a renal toxicant

Front 298

what vitamin can be administered to counteract the effect of warfarin toxicosis

Back 298

vitamin K1

Front 299

why does vitamin K administration not work on nose-bleeders?

Back 299

because it is due to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses and caudal vena cava rupture in cattle, not a clotting disorder

Front 300

what are two signs of vitamin D toxicosis?

Back 300

1. gastric hemorrhage
2. calcification of the great vessels

Front 301

why did city slickers with TB get healthy at sanatoria?

Back 301

because sunshine-->vitamin D-->better macrophage function