Clinical Kinesiology-- Chapter 3--Articular System

Front 1

Fibrous Joint

Back 1

Has a thin layer of fibrous periousteum between two bones , as in the structure of the skull.

3 types of fibrous joints: synarthrosis, sydesmosis, and gomphosis

Front 2

Synarthrosis (suture joint)

Back 2

Has a thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones, as in the sutures of the skull.

The ends of the bones, are shaped to allow them to interlock.

Has no motion between the bones

Its purpose is to provide shape and strength

Front 3

Gomphosis

Back 3

Occurs between a tooth and the wall of its dental socket in the mandible and the maxilla.

Referred as the peg-in-socket.

Front 4

Syndesmosis (ligamentous joint)

Back 4

There is a great deal of fibrous tissue in the joint, such as ligaments and interosseous memebranes, holding the joint together.

A small amount of twisting or stretching movement can occur in this type of joint.

Front 5

Cartilaginous joint

Back 5

Has either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between the two bones.

Ex:Vertebral joints- joints in which disks of fibrocartilage are directly connecting the bones.

Also known as amphiarthrodial joints because they allow a small amount of motion, such as bending or twisting, and some compression.

Provides a great deal of stability.

Front 6

Synovial joint

Back 6

Has no direct union with the bone ends. There is a cavity filled synovial fluid contained within a sleevelike capsule. The outer layer of the capsule is made up of a strong fibrous tissue that holds the joint together. The inner layer is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.

Also known as a diathrodial joint because it allows free motion. It is not as stable as the other types of joints but does allow a great deal of motion.

Front 7

Nonaxial joint

Back 7

Movement tends to be linear instead of angular

Joint surfaces are relatively flat and glide over one another instead of one moving around the other and can be described as a plane joint.

Ex: The motion that occurs between the carpal bones.

Occurs secondary to other motion

Ex:You can flex and extend your elbow without moving other joints; however you cannot move your carpal bone by themselves.

Front 8

Uniaxial joint

Back 8

Has angular motion occuring in one plane around one axis, much like a hinge.

Ex: Elbow or Humerolulnar joint (hinge joints)

The only motions possible are flexion and extension which occur in the sagittal plane around the frontal axis.

No other motions are possible at this joint

Front 9

Pivot joint

(pg23)

Back 9

Demonstrates a another type of uniaxial motion.

The head of the radius pivots on the stationary ulna during pronation and supination of the forearm.

Front 10

Biaxial joint motion

Back 10

Found in the wrist and occurs in two different directions

Flexion and extension occur around the frontal axis, and radial and ulnar deviation occur around the sagittal axis.

Ex: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is biaxial but differs somewhat from the condyloid joint. In this joint the articular surface of each bone is concave in one direction and convex in the other. The bones fit together like a horseback rider in a saddle, which is why this joint is also descriptively called a saddle joint.

Front 11

Condyloid joints

Back 11

The bidirectional motion that occurs at the metacarpophlangeal (MCP) joints

Front 12

Triaxial joint

Back 12

Referred to as a multiaxial joint.

Motion occurs actively in all three axes.

Allows more motion than any other joint.

Ex: Hip and shoulder

Also referred to as the ball-and-socket joint because in the hip the ball-shaped femoral head fits into the concave socket of the acetabulum.

Front 13

Ligaments

Back 13

-bands of fibrous connective tissue.

-provide attachment for cartilage, fascia, or in some cases muscle.

-Flexible but not elastic

Front 14

Capsule

Back 14

Surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surfaces on the bones.

Front 15

Synovial membrane

Back 15

A thick vascular connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid.

Front 16

Synovial fluid

Back 16

A thick, clear fluid (similar to an egg white) that lubricates the articular cartilage; this reduces friction and helps the joint move freely.

-Provides some shock absorption and is the major source of nutrition for articular cartilage.

Front 17

Cartilage

Back 17

A dense, fibrous connective tissue that can withstand great amounts of pressure and tension.

-The body has 3 types of cartilage: Hyaline cartilage, articular cartilage, elastic cartilage.

Front 18

Hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)

Back 18

Covers the end of opposing bones.
-With the help of synovial fluid, it provides a smooth articulating surface in all synovial joints.
-Lacks its own blood supply and gets its nutrition from the synovial fluid, it cannot repair itself if it is damaged.

Front 19

Fibrocartilage

Back 19

-Acts as a shock absorber which is important for weightbearing joints such as the knee and vertebrae.

Front 20

Menisci

Back 20

-At the knee

Semilunar- shaped cartilage which build up the sides of the relatively flat articular surface of the tibia.

Front 21

Disks

Back 21

Lie between the vertebral bones.

Front 22

Labrum

Back 22

Shoulder fibrocartilage which deepens the shallow glenoid fossa, making it more of a socket to hold the humeral head.

Front 23

Elastic cartilage

Back 23

- It is designed to help maintain a structure shape.

- It is found in the external ear and eustachian (auditory) tube.

- It is also found in the larynx, where is motion is important to speech.

Front 24

Tendon

Back 24

Connect muscles to bones

Front 25

Aponeurosis

Back 25

- A broad flat, tendinous sheet.

- Found in several places where muscles attach the bones

- Ex: Latissimus dorsi is attached at one end over a large area to several bones by means of an aponeurosis.

Front 26

Linea Alba

Back 26

As the abdominal muscles approach the midline from both sides, they attach to an apneurosis called the Linea alba

Front 27

Bursae

Back 27

Small, pad like sacs found around most joints.

- located in areas of excessive friction, such as under tendons and over bony prominences.

Front 28

Sagittal plane

Back 28

-Passes through the body from front to back and divides the body into right and left parts.

- Motions occurring in this plane are flexion and extension

Front 29

Frontal plane

Back 29

Passes through the body from side to side and divides the body into front and back parts.

- Also called the coronal plane.

- motion of curry in this plane are abduction and adduction

Front 30

Transverse plane

Back 30

Passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom part.

Also called the horizontal plane.

Rotation occurs in this plane

Front 31

Center of gravity

Back 31

The point where the three Cardinal planes intersect

Front 32

Sagittal axis

Back 32

A point that runs through a joint from front to back.

Front 33

Frontal axis

Back 33

Runs through a joint from side to side

Front 34

Vertical axis

Back 34

Also called a longitudinal axis, run through a joint from top to bottom

Front 35

Dislocation

Back 35

Refers to the complete separation of the two articular surfaces of the joint

Front 36

Subluxation

Back 36

A partial dislocation of a joint, usually occurs over a period of time.

Front 37

Osteoarthritis

Back 37

A type of arthritis that is cost by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints

Front 38

Sprains

Back 38

A partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers.

Front 39

Strain

Back 39

Refers to the over stretching of muscle fibers.

Front 40

Tendonitis

Back 40

An inflammation of a tendon

Front 41

Synovitis

Back 41

An inflammation of the synovial membrane

Front 42

Tenosynovitis

Back 42

And inflammation of the attendance sheet and is often caused by repetitive use

Front 43

Bursitis

Back 43

An inflammation of the bursa

Front 44

Capsulitis

Back 44

And inflammation of the joint capsule.