Ming Ming Abpsych

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Systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual

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Clinica Assessment

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Process of determining whether a particular problem afflicting the individual meets all the criteria of psychological disorder.

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Diagnosis

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Degree to which a measurement is consistent

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Reliability

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Whether something measures what it is designed to measure

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Validity

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Comparing results of an assessment measure under consideration with the results of others that are better known

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Concurrent / Descriptive Validity

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How well ur assessment tells you what will happen in the future

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Predictive Validity

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Process by which a certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique

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Standardization

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Core of the most clinical work, used by psychologists, psychiatrist, other mental health professionals.

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Clinical interview

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Can be structured and detailed, mostly they are performed relatively quickly by experienced clinicians in the course of interviewing.

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Mental Status Exam

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Made up of questions that have been carefully phrased and tested to elicit useful information

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Semistructured Clinical Intetviews

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Takes the process one step further, using direct observation to assess formally an indvl's thoughts, feelings and behavior

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Behavioral assessment

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Focused on here an now

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Observational assessment

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Relies in the observer's recollection as well as interprets of the events

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Informal observation

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Involves identifying specific behaviors that are observable and measurable

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Formal Observation

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When people observe their own behavior to find patterns

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Self Monitoring

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Used as assessment tools before treatment (periodically during treatment)

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Behavior Rating Scales

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Assesses 18 general areas of concern, each symptom is rated on a 7 point scale

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Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale

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Can distort any observational data

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Reactivity

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Specific tools to determine cognitive, emotional, behavioral responses that might be associated with a specific disorder

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Psychological Testing

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In which ambiguous stimuli such as pictures, are presented to ppl who are asked to describe what they see

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Projective Testing

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The test includes 10 inkblot pictures that serve as ambiguous stimuli

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Rorschach Inkblot Test

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Consists of series of 31 cards, 30 with pictures and 1 blank card (20 r typically used)

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Thematic Apperception Test TAT

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Based on empirical approach, the collection of evaluation of data. (Straight forward) the indvd being assessed reads the statements and answer "true or false"

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI

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A test to identify slow learners that would benefit from remedial help

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Intelligence testing

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A french psychologist and colleague (proponent of intelligence testing )

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Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

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Revised the intelligence test for use in the United states, became known as Stanford-Binet test.

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Lewis Terman

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Test provided score, calculated by using mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100

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Intelligence quotient IQ

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Developed the Wechsler Test

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David Wechsler

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Wechsler test for adults

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, third edition WAIS - III

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Wechsler test for children

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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, fourth edition WSC -IV

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Wechsler test for young children

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Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence ,third edition WPPSI - III

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Measure abilities in areas such as receptive and expressive language, attention and concentration, memory, motor skills etc. so that the clinician can make educated guess for the possible existence of brain impairment

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Neuropsychological Testing

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A child is given a series of cards on which are drawn various lines and shapes. the task for the child is to copy what is drawn.

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Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test

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This type of studies raise the issue of false positive and false negative

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Halstead Reitan Neuropsychological battery

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Which asks the person to compare rhythmic beats (testing sound recog., attention and concentration)

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Rhythm Test

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Which compares the grips of the right and left hands

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Strength of Grip Test

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Which requires test taker to place wooden blocks in form board while blindfolded

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Tactile Performance Test

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A clinical specialty concerned with producing images of the brain

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Neuroimaging

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The patient's head is placed in a high strength magnetic field, radio frequency signals are transmitted and excite the brain tissue, altering protons

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Subjects are injected with a tracer substance attached to radioactive isotopes (substance interacts with blood, oxygen, or glucose)

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

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Much like the PET scan (less accurate and less expensive, however, it requires far less sophisticated equipment to pick up signals )

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Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography SPECT

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Allows researchers to see the immediate response of the brain to a brief event, such as seeing new face

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Functional MRI (fMRI)

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Refers to measurable changes in nervous system that reflect emotional or psychological events.

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Psychophysiology

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Measures electrical activity in the head related to the firing of a specific group of neurons that reveals brain wave activity

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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The response when brief periods of EEG patterns are recorded in response to specific events.

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Event Related Potential (ERP) or Evoked Potential

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Regular pattern of changes in voltage characterized in waking activities

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Alpha Waves

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Brain waves that are slower in voltage characterized in and more irregular than the waking activities.

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Delta Waves

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Brain waves that are awake, normal alert consciousness

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Beta Waves

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Brain waves that are reduced consciousness

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Theta Waves

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Brain waves that are heightened perception

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Gamma

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Levels of physiological responding such as blood pressure readings are fed back to the patient.

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Biofeedback

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Used to determine what is unique about an individual's personality, cultural background or circumstances. (Let's us tailor treatment)

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Idiographic Strategy

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Used to determine a general class of problems to which the presenting problem belongs. (Attempts to classify)

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Nomothetic Strategy

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Refers simply to any effort to construct groups or categories and assign objects or people to these categories based on shared attributes

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Classification

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Classification of entities for scientific purposes

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Taxonomy

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Term to use if u apply a taxonomic system to psychological or medical phenomena

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Nosology

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Describes the names or labels of the disorders that make up the nosology

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Nomenclature

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Is at the heart of any science. If we could not order or label objects or exp., scientist's could not communicate with one another.

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Classification

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Assumes that every diagnosis has a clear underlying pathophysiological cause and that each disorder is unique.

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Classical (Pure) Categorical Approach

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In which we note the variety of cognitions, moods, and behaviors with which the patient presents and quantify them on a scale

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Dimensional Approach

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This alternative identifies certain characteristics of an entity, so that u can classify it

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Prototypical Approach

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Means that the signs and symptoms chosen as criteria for the diagnostic category are consistently associated or "go together "

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Construct Validity

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Extent to which the disorder would be found among the patient's relatives

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Familial Aggregation

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Predicts the course of the disorder and the likely effect of one treatment or another

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Predictive Validity

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When the outcome is the criterion by which we judge the usefulness of the diagnostic category

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Criterion Validity

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Means that if u create a criteria for a diagnosis of a disorder, it should reflect the way most experts in the field think of the said disorder

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Content Validity

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One of ppl who classified psychopathology out of biological tradition

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Emil Kraepelin

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Refers to deterioration of the brain. Occurs with advancing age and develops earlier / prematurely

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Dementia Praecox

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Contribution of World Health Organization (WHO)

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International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

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Contribution of American Psychiatric Association (APA)

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

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Leader of publishing DSM - III amd DSM - III - R (APA)

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Robert Spitzer

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Published when clinicians realized the need for a consistent, worldwide system of nosology

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DSM - IV and DSM -IV-TR

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Published in 2013 , unchanged from DSM -IV but some new disorders are introduced and other disorders are reclassified.

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DSM-V

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Refers to the values, knowledge and practices that individuals derive from membership in different ethnic groups, religious groups or other social groups.

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Culture

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The identification of two or more disorders in an individual at one time.

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Comorbidity