Circulation

Front 1

Cells need to absorb ________, exchange ________, and expel __________ waste.

Back 1

nutrients; gases; metabolic

Front 2

Cells are connected with organs of exchange by

Back 2

Transport system

Front 3

Instead of having a transport system, some organisms do circulation by ___________ from the ____________.

Back 3

Simple diffusion; external environment.

Front 4

What are two animals that have engage in simple diffusion?

Back 4

Hydras, jellyfish

Front 5

Animals engage in simple diffusion by coming into direct contact with the _____________ environment or the ____________ cavity.

Back 5

External; gastrovascular

Front 6

What does the gastrovascular cavity do in simple diffusion?

Back 6

It functions in both digestion and circulation, and delivers nutrients and oxygen directly to the tissue cells by diffusion from the digestive cavity.

Front 7

_____________ are thicker than 2 cells thick, but most of it's cells are not far from its GV cavity

Back 7

Flatworms

Front 8

Larger animals have an internal transport system that functions using an internal _______________ system.

Back 8

pump (heart) and tube (transport)

Front 9

Two kinds of circulatory systems:

Back 9

Open and closed

Front 10

In _______ circulatory systems, circulating fluid not confined to system of tubes

Back 10

Open

Front 11

In open circulatory systems, ____________ acts as the blood as well as interstitial fluid/ECM.

Back 11

hemolymph

Front 12

In open circulatory systems, the fluid is moved by body movements and the contraction of what?

Back 12

The dorsal vessel (heart equivalent)

Front 13

In open circulatory systems, the hemolymph fluid is pumped into body cavities to transfer __________ to the body, then return to the dorsal vessell

Back 13

nutrients

Front 14

In the dorsal vessel of open circulatory systems, the ______ close when the heart pumps so as to keep the fluid from flowing back out.

Back 14

pores

Front 15

In what type of circulatory system is the circulating fluid confined to vessels?

Back 15

Closed circulatory system

Front 16

In closed circulatory systems, there is a distinction between blood and

Back 16

Interstitial fluid in tissues.

Front 17

In closed circulatory systems, the heart pumps blood into

Back 17

large vessels.

Front 18

In closed circulatory systems, large/major vessels _________ out into smaller vessels.

Back 18

branch

Front 19

Closed circulatory systems: Where is it that chemicals are exchanged between the system's blood and interstitial fluid?

Back 19

Tissues and organs

Front 20

All ___________ and annelids, as well as squid/octopus have closed circulatory systems.

Back 20

vertebrates

Front 21

Vertebrates' circulatory system, or __________________, is made up of:

Back 21

Cardiovascular system; heart, vessels, blood.

Front 22

The heart is a

Back 22

muscular pump that pushes blood through the body

Front 23

The ___________ are a network of tubes through which the blood moves

Back 23

blood vessels

Front 24

What circulates within the vessels of a cardiovascular system?

Back 24

blood

Front 25

Blood moves through the cardiovascular system in a closed cycle:

Back 25

Heart-->arteries-->arterioles-->capillaries-->veins-->venules-->heart.

Front 26

What carries blood away from the heart?

Back 26

Arteries

Front 27

Arteries branch into ________ which branch into ______.

Back 27

arterioles; capillaries.

Front 28

Capillaries are microscopically small, leaky tube beds that are the site of ___________.

Back 28

Exchange of gases and metabolites (glucose, vitamins, hormones) from blood with cells.

Front 29

Capillaries form into ____________ which then become the larger veins.

Back 29

Venules

Front 30

Veins carry blood...

Back 30

back to the heart.

Front 31

Blood leaves the heart through a large artery, the

Back 31

Aorta

Front 32

Capillary beds, depending on the ______________ of tissues, can be opened or closed. What controls the flow through capillaries (if open, flows into bed, if closed, skips through)?

Back 32

physiological needs; precapillary sphincters.

Front 33

Arteries are made up of three layers:

Back 33

Outer layer (connective tissue), Middle layer (smooth muscle), Inner layer (simple squamous epithelium).

Front 34

Arterioles are smaller to arteries in diameter and engage in muscle contractions called

Back 34

vasoconstriction and vasodialation

Front 35

Vasoconstriction is

Back 35

constriction of the vessel's diameter by nerve stimulation, causing low blood flow. (cold, scared)

Front 36

Vasodialation is

Back 36

relaxation of muscle layer of vessel, enlarging diameter and increasing blood flow. (overheated, embarrassed)

Front 37

Capillaries permit exchange: oxygen and food molecules from blood to body's cells and waste __________ picked up.

Back 37

Carbon dioxide.

Front 38

For exchange, capillaries are ________ and have _______ for transfer of gases and metabolites between blood and cells.

Back 38

narrow; thin walls

Front 39

Almost all cells are no more than how far from a capillary?

Back 39

100 micrometers

Front 40

How much of circulating blood is in capillaries at any moment?

Back 40

5%

Front 41

Capillary vessels are thin, made only of _________ tissue layer.

Back 41

epithelial

Front 42

Veins are composed of the same three layers:

Back 42

Outer (connective), middle (smooth muscle, inner (simple squamous epithelium)

Front 43

Why is the pressure in veins lower than in arteries?

Back 43

The force of the heartbeat is lowered after the resistance and great cross-sectional area of the capillaries.

Front 44

Because of the low pressure, the walls of the veins have a much ________ muscle layer.

Back 44

thinner

Front 45

To avoid resistance to flow from the low pressure, skeletal muscles surrounding the veins

Back 45

contract, pushing the blood up

Front 46

To avoid backflow in low pressure veins, ________ keep blood flowing in one direction

Back 46

valves

Front 47

There are three parameters/factors for blood flow:

Back 47

Pressure, oxygenation, velocity

Front 48

What is blood pressure?

Back 48

The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against a vessel wall

Front 49

Blood pressure is ______ in arteries, ________ through capillaries, and ______________ in veins

Back 49

high; drops; stays low.

Front 50

After passing though capillary bed in lung or gill,

Back 50

oxygenation is high.

Front 51

What happens to blood flowing through lung capillaries?

Back 51

O2 is taken up and CO2 is given off.

Front 52

The oxygenation is low after passing through

Back 52

Capillary bed in tissues and organs--O2 is given off and CO2 from tissues/cells is taken up.

Front 53

O2, CO2 diffuse down a

Back 53

concentration gradient, O2 given off to cells to produce ATP, CO2 absorbed by blood.

Front 54

Capillary wall is _____: materials/fluids may leave by crossing through epithelial cell layer

Back 54

"leaky"

Front 55

Pores located

Back 55

Between cells or in plasma membrane of cells.

Front 56

Direction of flow depends on balance between

Back 56

Blood/hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure (blood vs. interstitial fluid)

Front 57

High blood pressure on arteriole side of capillary causes

Back 57

Net filtration of blood out of leaky capillary tubes

Front 58

Most of leaked fluid returns to capillaries by:

Back 58

osmosis, causes net absorption of leaked fluid back on venule side of capillary bed.

Front 59

Arteriole side: blood pressure 32 mm Hg -- osmotic pressure 10 mm Hg =

Back 59

= 10 mm Hg net pressure out, net filtration occurs at arteriole end of capillary.

Front 60

Venule side: 15 mm Hg blood pressure -- 22 mm Hg osmotic pressure =

Back 60

= -7 mm Hg net pressure inwards, net absorption occurs at venous end of capillary. Still 3 mm Hg total result pressure out, fluid lost to lymphatic system (not on test).

Front 61

How much fluid that leaves arteriole returns, and where?

Back 61

85%, at venule end.

Front 62

Where does other 15% go?

Back 62

It enters lymph capillaries and eventually returned by lymphatic system.

Front 63

Lymph vessels takes up excessive leaked fluid and prevents backflow with

Back 63

valves and skeletal muscle movements, like in veins.

Front 64

The fluid, called lymph while in lymphatic system, reenters circulation system as blood in two locations:

Back 64

left and right shoulder.

Front 65

If for some reason this reabsorption through lymph system doesn't work for circulatory system, what will happen?

Back 65

A swelling called "edema".

Front 66

Fish circulatory system have a ___-chambered heart.

Back 66

two

Front 67

In fish, one chamber atrium, other ventricle make up the heart. What do they do?

Back 67

Atrium receives the blood in, ventricle pumps the blood out.

Front 68

What muscle contraction in fish helps keep blood moving?

Back 68

swimming.

Front 69

Amphibians have a _____-chambered heart, made up of:

Back 69

three; 2 atria, one ventricle.

Front 70

Amphibians: Double circulation occurs: the ventricle _______ blood through two circuits, atria _________ blood from two sides of the heart.

Back 70

pumps out; bring in.

Front 71

The pulmocutaneous circuit goes from heart to the lungs/skin, back to the heart. Location-wise, it is the ________ circuit in the amphibian system.

Back 71

upper

Front 72

The lower circuit in the amphibian system, the _______ circuit, goes from heart to the tissues/organs, back to the heart.

Back 72

systemic

Front 73

After lungs, what happens to restore pressure in amphibian system?

Back 73

Blood pumped a second time.

Front 74

In mammals and birds, there is a _____ chambered heart.

Back 74

four

Front 75

Mammals & birds: In contrast to the amphibians....?

Back 75

There are two ventricles, so no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Front 76

Mammals and Birds: Atria ______ blood, ventricles ________ blood.

Back 76

receive; pump out

Front 77

Mammals & Birds: double circulation does what for blood in these systems?

Back 77

restores the pressure after blood passes through capillary beds, lowers pressure.

Front 78

What is the pathway from r. atrium?

Back 78

r. atrium --> r. ventricle --> p. artery -->lung capillaries --> p. veins --> l. atrium --> l. ventricle --> aorta --> sys. art. --> sys. cap. --> sys. vein --> vena cava --> r. atrium.

Front 79

What do you call the contraction of heart, when the blood is pumped from the heart?

Back 79

systole

Front 80

What is diastole, when is fills with blood?

Back 80

relaxation of the heart

Front 81

What prevents backflow of blood in the heart?

Back 81

valves

Front 82

Atrioventricular valves are located

Back 82

between atrium and ventricle.

Front 83

Valves located between ventricles and arteries exiting heart (aorta into pulmonary artery) are called

Back 83

semilunar valves

Front 84

Heart sounds: what is "lub"?

Back 84

recoil against av valves as blood is pumped from heart, contraction.

Front 85

Heart sounds: what is "dub"?

Back 85

recoil against SL valves as heart fills with blood, relaxation.

Front 86

Cardiac output is the

Back 86

volume of blood pumped per minute by left ventricle

Front 87

CO=

Back 87

heart rate x stroke volume

Front 88

Heart rate is the

Back 88

beats per minute (pulse--stretching of arteries)

Front 89

Stroke volume is the

Back 89

Volume of blood pumped by left ventricle per contraction.

Front 90

cardiac output for men is about

Back 90

56 ml /min

Front 91

Some cells in the heart are ______

Back 91

self excitable

Front 92

Sinoatrial node, or pacemaker that maintains heart's rhythm is located

Back 92

in Right Atrium.

Front 93

Electrical impulse from SA cause

Back 93

the atria to contract

Front 94

Between r. atrium and r. ventricle is

Back 94

atrioventricular node, delayed .1 s from SA.

Front 95

Electrical currents can be detected at surfaced with

Back 95

EKG

Front 96

Measuring blood pressure: how do you do it?

Back 96

attach EKG, raise cuff pressure to 150 and lower until sound is heard (systolic pressure), keep lowering until sound stops (diastolic pressure) around 75.

Front 97

What is blood?

Back 97

connective tissue with cells suspended in liquid (cellular elements--45%, matrix-plasma--55%)

Front 98

How much blood in average human?

Back 98

4-6 liters whole blood plasma.

Front 99

Blood plasma is 90% composed of

Back 99

water

Front 100

Blood plasma contains other than water

Back 100

electrolytes (maintain osmotic balance), plasma proteins (escort lipids, antibodies, etc.), serum (plasma w/o clotting factors), nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, hormones.

Front 101

Cellular elements of blood include

Back 101

RBC (erthrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), and platelets.

Front 102

RBC stats

Back 102

5-6 mil/ml blood, mammalian rbc lack nuclei, mitochondria, contain 250x10^6 molecules of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying).

Front 103

What does WBC do?

Back 103

defense and immunity

Front 104

cell fragments used in clotting

Back 104

platelets.

Front 105

Death of heart muscle due to blockage of coronary arteries is commonly known as

Back 105

a Heart attack

Front 106

Death of neural tissue in brain is commonly known as a

Back 106

stroke.

Front 107

Strokes and heart attacks both

Back 107

caused by blockage by thrombus, embolus, or atherosclerosis.

Front 108

Atherosclerosis is a

Back 108

disease in which plaque builds up in walls of arteries.

Front 109

Disease in which plaques become hardened by calcium deposits

Back 109

Known as arteriosclerosis

Front 110

Deposition of fats and cholesterol in plaque cause by

Back 110

LDL in blood

Front 111

Hypertention, or high blood pressure,

Back 111

promotes atherosclerosis.