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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are three reasons to study cognitive theories?
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1. they help us understand developmental phenomena
2. they raise crucial questions about human nature 3. they help us better understand children |
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what are 3 reasons piaget's theory has survived?
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1. explain cognition at different ages
2. wide breadth of topics covered 3. asks interesting questions about child development |
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why is piaget's theory called constructivist
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because it involves children constructing knowledge from their experiences
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explain "the child as a scientist"
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piaget thought the 3 most important aspects of ascertaining knowledge was 1. hypothesizing 2. experimenting 3. concluding
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What is adaptation?
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the tendency to respond to the environment in a way that will help you meet your goals
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what is organization?
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the tendency to integrate observations into coherent knowledge
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what are the 3 processes of continuity?
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assimilation, accommodation, equilibration
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what is assimilation
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incorperating new knowledge to info they already know (IE i know how to use a pen, therefore I know how to use a pencil)
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what is accommodation?
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adapting their current understanding in response to new experiences (you can't use a highlighter like you use a pen)
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what is equilibration?
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balancing assimilation and accommodation. Involves: equilibrium (satisfaction with phenomena), disequilibrium(recognize shortcomings in knowledge), and developing a more sophisticated understanding
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what are the 4 central properties of piagets stage theories?
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1. qualitative change with age
2. broad applicability 3. brief transitions 4. invarient sequence (everyone progresses at the same rate and no one skips a stage) |
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what are the 4 stages of piagets theory?
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sensorimotor stage, preoperation stage, concrete operation stage, formal operational stage.
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what is sensorimotor stage?
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from birth-2years, infants intelligenc develops through sensory and motor abilities. Their intelligence is bound to the here and now.
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what is the preoperation stage?
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age 2-7 years, toddlers and preschoolers are able to express their experiences in language and mental imagry. they can remember things for longer periods of time. but they can't perform mental operations or reason using organized systems. (OJ in a short fat glass vs. a tall skinny one)
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concrete operational stage
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7-12 years they understand concrete ideas (OJ) but they don't understand purely abstract beliefs.
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Formal operational stage
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12 years-on, think deeply abstract and concrete, talk about hypothetical situations.
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what is deferred imitation?
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repitition of people's behavior after an extended period of time
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what is symbolic representation? What stage is it in?
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preoperational, using things for other uses (popsicle sticks become guns)
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what is egocentrism?when does this occur?
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seeing something from one point of view (three mountains task), occurs in preoperational stage
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what is centration?
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focusing on one aspect of the prolem instead of the whole problem (balance scale problem).
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what is the conservation concept?
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that changing certain things in a problem doesn't change their properties (making M&Ms farther apart doesn't change the amount of them.
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what are 4 major problems with piagets theory?
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1. the stage model makes kids thinking seem more consistent than it is.
2. kids are more competent that he thought 3. doesn't factor in social interactions 4. vague about mechanisims of cog. growth |
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what is task analysis?
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the research technique of identifying goals, facts, and potential processing strategies for a problem
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what is structure?
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basic organization of the cognitive system
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what is processes
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specific mental actiites such as rules and strategies that people use to remember and to solve problems
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what is the overlapping waves approach?
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kids use different strategies at the same time to solve problemswh
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why is planning difficult for children?
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instant gratification, overly optimistic, not fully developed frontal love
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what is analogical reasoning?
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solving problems by likening them to other problems you have solved before
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what is the big difference in core knowldege theories?
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focuses on innate knowledge.
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what is domain specific knowledge?
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knowledge specific to a certain area (innanimate things for example)
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what is the conservation concept?
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that changing certain things in a problem doesn't change their properties (making M&Ms farther apart doesn't change the amount of them.
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what are 4 major problems with piagets theory?
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1. the stage model makes kids thinking seem more consistent than it is.
2. kids are more competent that he thought 3. doesn't factor in social interactions 4. vague about mechanisims of cog. growth |
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what is task analysis?
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the research technique of identifying goals, facts, and potential processing strategies for a problem
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what is structure?
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basic organization of the cognitive system
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what is processes
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specific mental actiites such as rules and strategies that people use to remember and to solve problems
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what is the overlapping waves approach?
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kids use different strategies at the same time to solve problemswh
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why is planning difficult for children?
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instant gratification, overly optimistic, not fully developed frontal love
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what is analogical reasoning?
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solving problems by likening them to other problems you have solved before
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what is the big difference in core knowldege theories?
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focuses on innate knowledge.
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what is domain specific knowledge?
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knowledge specific to a certain area (innanimate things for example)
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What are the 6 substages of sensorimotor stage development?
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1: birth-1month- modify reflexes, centered on own body
2: 1-4mths- organize reflexes, integrate actions 3: 4-8mths- repitition of actions resulting in pleasurable or interesting results, object permanence 4: 8-12 mths- begin looking for hidden objects, fragile mental representations, A not B error 5: 12-18mths, active exploration potential use of objects 6: 18-24 mths- enduring representations, deferred imitation |
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what must be present in substage 6 of sensorimotor development for a child to move on?
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mental representations
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what are the weaknesses of children in the preoperational stage?
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egocentrism- focused on self
centration- focus on one part of a given problem animism-inanimate objects have a personality "mr. car" artificialism- natural objects were created for use by humans |
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what metaphore do info processing theorists use?
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the child is like a computer
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do children progress continuously or discontinuously in the info proccessing theory?
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continuously, step by step
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what is the dynamic systems theory?
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it looks at the varied aspects of a child and how they function as a whole (perception, attention, language, memory, emotions)
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what is the sociocultural theory?
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sort of opposite of core knowledge, this focuses more on the importance of interactions as a way of learning
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what was vygotsky's view of cognitive development?
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that it results from social interactions and guided participation.
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what is vygotsky's zone of proximal development?
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area of information that can be gained by a child because it is 1. new enough to be interesting and 2. not too difficult.
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what is scaffolding?
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when you take a childs support system (cognitively) away piece by piece allowing them to stand alone eventually.
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what is a positive and a negative to vygotsky?
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+ his insight is multi cultural, relates social importance
- lacks info on individual processing of cog. development. |
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what is private speech?
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when a child talks to themselves to help themselves learn and work out problems
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what is prosody?
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the rhythm tempo,melody etc. of language
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what is voice onset time?
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the amount of time between the time when air passes through lips and when vocal cords start vibrating.
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what are distributional properties?
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the phenomena in any language of two sounds to more likely go together than other sounds
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what is comprehension?
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understanding what others are saying
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what is production?
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actually producing language
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which comes first comprehension or production
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COMPREHENSION!!!!!!!!!
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what does it mean to say that language is both species specific and species universal?
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only humans can speak, almost all humans have the ability to speak.
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what is a critical period? how does it differ from a sensitive period?
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critical period is a time when you must develop language or you never will. sensitive periods make it more beneficial to develop something at a certain time, but it isn't neccessary.
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What is Infant Directed Speech (IDS)?
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motherese/parentese, the cooing at babies that makes you look like an idiot. Yes justin, that is what you do to dogs.
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what are some characteristics of IDS?
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emotional tones, slow and clear voice, exaggerated facial experessions.
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do infants perfer IDS?
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Yes. they actually learn more
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what is babbling?
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a repitition of sounds that helps children learn to speak.
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how do deaf children babble?
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manually, using hands.
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are there gender differences in IDS?
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Yes! boys are spoken to more firmly, with direct responses. Girls have diminutives, warm phrases and diversionary responses
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what is the progression of infant sounds?
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Cry-Coo-Babble-Speak
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when do kids develop their first word?
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around 7-8mths
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what are the 3 styles of beginning to speak?
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referential/analytic: Monosyllabic
expressive/holistic style: focus on overall sound/intonation wait and see style: listen more, speak later with more vocab. |
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what is important to remember about speech production in children
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individual variablity plays a HUGE role in their speech production
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what is a holophrastic period?
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when children begin using small words in their vocab one at a time " DOG!" "NO!"
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what are the 3 different kinds of speech?
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practical communication: discussing, practical uses of speech
social speech: speaking with others private speech: talking to urself to solve probs. |
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how does speech change in midddle childhood?
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your vocabulary increases, you master grammar, syntax grows, may have some trouble with certain phonemes,
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what are the 2 different approaches to teaching a child english?
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1. immersion 2. gradually introduce
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what are some benefits of being bilingual?
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greater cognitive flexibility, higher self esteem, higher IQ scores
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what is g?
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general intelligence as a single trait
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what are the 6 basic abilities?
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word fluency, verbal meaning, reasoning, spatial visualization, numbering, rote memory, perceptual speed.
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what are the 2 types of intelligence?
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crystalized-factual knowledge about the world
Fluid intelligence- ability to think on the spot (peaks in early adulthood) |
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what are the 3 theories of language?
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Learning theory: basic conditioning
Nativist theory: genetic component interactionist theory: both |
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what is shaping?
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look it up in the book
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what are 3 problems with the learning approach?
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does not explain how children readily learn rules of a language, doesn't account for how kids produce novel phrases, doesn't explain how kids can apply linguistic rules to nonsense words.
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what are 2 pro's to chomsky's approach?
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there is a language gene, the language areas in kids brain are the same as adults
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cons to chomsky?
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language requires social settings to acquire, primate counter arguments
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