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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Myelination |
The process by which axons become coated with Myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron |
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Corpus callosum |
A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them |
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Lateralization |
Literally, "sidedness," referring to the specialization in certain functions by which each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa. |
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Impulse control |
The ability to postpone or deny the immediate response to an idea or behavior |
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Perseveration |
The tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time |
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Amygdala |
A tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety |
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Hippocampus |
A brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations |
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Hypothalamus |
A brain area that responds to the Amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body |
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Injury control/harm reduction |
Practices that are aimed anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities. These practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random in the injuries can be made less harmful if proper controls are in place. |
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Primary prevention |
Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent harm |
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Secondary prevention |
Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as holding a child's hand while crossing the street |
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Tertiary prevention |
Actions, such as immediate in effective medical treatment, that reduce harm or prevent disability after injury |
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Child maltreatment |
Intentional harm two, or avoidable endangerment of, anyone under 18 years of age |
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Child-abuse |
Deliberate action that impairs a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being |
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Child neglect |
Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs |
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Substantiated maltreatment |
Harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified |
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Reported maltreatment |
Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities |
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Post traumatic stress disorder a.k.a. PTSD |
And anxiety disorder that develops after a profoundly shocking or frightening event, such as rape, severe beating, war, or natural disaster. Symptoms may include flashbacks to the event, hyperactivity and hypervigilance, displaced anger, sleepiness, nightmares, sudden terror or anxiety, and confusion between fantasy and reality. |
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Permanency planning |
And effort by child welfare authorities to find a long-term living situation that will provide stability and support for a male treated child. The goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or School, which can be harmful to the child. |
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Foster care |
Illegal, publicly supported system in which email treat a child is removed from the parents' custody and interested to another adult or family. Foster care providers are reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child's needs. |
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Kinship care |
A form of foster care in which a relative of a male treat a child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver |
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Adoption |
A legal proceeding in which an adult or couple is granted the joys and obligations of being a child's parent |
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Pre-operational intelligence |
Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about two and six; it includes language and imagination (which involves symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible at this stage |
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Overimitation |
When a person imitates an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned. Overimitation is common among 2 to 6-year-olds when they imitate adult actions that are unnecessary. |
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Private speech |
The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or out loud) |
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Social mediation |
Human interaction that expands and advances understanding, often through words that one person uses to explain something to another |
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Theory - theory |
The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see in here by constructing theories |
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Theory of mind |
A persons theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they are themselves. That realization seldom occurs before age 4. |
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Fast mapping |
The speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to the perceived meaning |
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Overregularization |
The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more regular than it actually is. |
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Pragmatics |
The practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context |
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Montessori schools |
Schools that offer early childhood education based on the philosophy of Maria Montessori, which emphasizes careful work and tasks that each young child can do |
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Reggio Amelia |
The program of early childhood education that originated in the town of Reggio Amelia, Italy, and that encourages each child's creativity in a carefully designed setting |
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Symbolic thought |
A major accomplishment of preoperational intelligence that allows a child to think symbolically, including understanding that words can refer to things not seen and that an item, such as a flag, can symbolize something else |
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Head start |
Federally funded early childhood intervention program for low income children of preschool age |
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Effortful control |
The ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination |
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Initiative versus guilt |
Ericksons third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them |
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Self-concept |
A persons understanding of who he or she is, in relation to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits. |
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Intrinsic motivation |
A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the desire to feel smart or competent |
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Extrinsic motivation |
A drive, or reason to pursuea goal , that arises from the need to have one's achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another person's esteem |
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Imaginary friends |
Make-believe friends who exist only in a child's imagination; increasingly common from ages three through seven. They come back loneliness and eight emotional regulation. |
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Psychopathology |
Literally, an illness of the mind, or psyche. Various cultures and groups within cultures have different concepts of specific psychopathologies. A recent compendium of symptoms and disorders in the United States is in the DSM – five. Many other nations use an international set of categories, the ICD -10 |
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Externalizing |
Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things |
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Internalizing problems |
Difficulty with emotion regulation that involves turning one's emotional distress in word, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless |
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Animism |
The belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive |
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Rough – and – tumble play |
Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm |
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Sociodramatic play |
Pretend Play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create. |
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Authoritarian |
In approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment for misconduct, and little communication from child to parent |
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Permissive parenting |
An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control |
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Authoritative parenting |
And approach the child rearing in which the parent sets limits but listens to the child and is flexible |
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Neglectful/uninvolved |
In approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their child's lives |
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Sex differences |
Biological differences between males and females, and organs, hormones, and body type |
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Gender differences |
Differences in the rules and behaviors of males and females that are prescribed by the culture |
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Phallic stage |
Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure |
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Oedipus complex |
The unconscious desire of young boys to replace their father in win their mothers romantic love |
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Centration |
A characteristic of pre-operational thought in which a young child focuses on one idea, excluding all others |
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Superego |
In psychoanalytic theory, the judge mental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents |
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Electra complex |
The unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and when their fathers romantic love |
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Identification |
In attempt to defend one's self concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else |
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Gender schema |
A cognitive concept or general belief based on one's experiences – in this case, the child's understanding of sex differences |
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Empathy |
The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, especially when those emotions and concerns differ from one's own |
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Antipathy |
Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person |
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Prosocial behavior |
Actions that are helpful and kind but are of no obvious benefit to oneself |
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Antisocial behavior |
Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person |
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Instrumental aggression |
Behavior that hurt someone else because the aggressor wants to get or keep a position or a privilege |
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Reactive aggression |
And impulse verbal or physical retaliation for another persons intentional or accidental action |
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Egocentrism |
Piaget's term for children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective |
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Relational aggression |
Non-physical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people |
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Bullying aggression |
Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attacks, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves |
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Corporal punishment |
Punishment that physically hurts the body such as slapping spanking etc. |
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Psychological control |
A disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support in that relies on a child's feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents |
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Time out |
A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people for a specified time |
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Induction |
Disciplinary technique in which the parent tries to get the child to understand why a certain behavior was wrong, listening, not lecturing, is crucial. |
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Focus on appearance |
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent |
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Static reasoning |
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be. |
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Irreversibility |
A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. I think not be restored to the way it was before a change occurred. |
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Conservation |
The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (I.e., is conserved) even when it's appearance changes. |
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Scaffolding |
Temporary support that is tailored to a learners needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process |
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5 to 6 years old |
At what age do you have the lowest BMI? |
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Calcium, iron, zinc |
What are the three most common nutrient deficiencies? |
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Dental hygiene |
What type of hygienic health is often neglected but very important in preschool age children? |
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Dental hygiene |
What type of hygienic health is often neglected but very important in preschool age children? |
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Perseveration and impulse control |
What does the pre-frontal cortex control? |
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Dental hygiene |
What type of hygienic health is often neglected but very important in preschool age children? |
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Perseveration and impulse control |
What does the pre-frontal cortex control? |
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Mental processing faster and more efficiently |
Myelination helps with… |
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Learning problems, behavior problems, reduced intelligence |
What are some of the consequences that come from exposure to lead? |
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Because of medical prevention such as immunizations and vaccines |
Why has there been a huge reduction in fatal illnesses in developed nations? |
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Because of medical prevention such as immunizations and vaccines |
Why has there been a huge reduction in fatal illnesses in developed nations? |
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How to speed up development in children |
What is the American question always asked of Piaget? |
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Because of medical prevention such as immunizations and vaccines |
Why has there been a huge reduction in fatal illnesses in developed nations? |
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How to speed up development in children |
What is the American question always asked of Piaget? |
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Don't hurry then, let nature take it's course. Don't speed up development. |
What is Piaget's answer to the American question? |
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Because of medical prevention such as immunizations and vaccines |
Why has there been a huge reduction in fatal illnesses in developed nations? |
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How to speed up development in children |
What is the American question always asked of Piaget? |
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Don't hurry then, let nature take it's course. Don't speed up development. |
What is Piaget's answer to the American question? |
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Any type of positive reinforcement such as positive praise |
What is the best form of discipline for preschool aged children? |
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True |
True or false the highest percentage of kids in foster care are in southwest Missouri counties: Jasper, McDonald County, and Newton County |
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True |
True or false the highest percentage of kids in foster care are in southwest Missouri counties: Jasper, McDonald County, and Newton County |
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Seven |
Children under what age are the most likely victims of abuse and neglect? |
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True |
True or false the highest percentage of kids in foster care are in southwest Missouri counties: Jasper, McDonald County, and Newton County |
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Seven |
Children under what age are the most likely victims of abuse and neglect? |
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80% |
What percent of abuse is considered over-punishment |
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False |
True or false: social workers have the right to remove kids from their homes |
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Judges, doctors, juvenile officers, and police officers |
Who does have the right to take kids away from their homes |
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4 |
By what age do kids start recognizing gender roles |
