Chemistry Ch. 12 The Behavior Of Gases Section 5 Gas Molecules: Mixtures And Movements

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the particles that make up different gases are not the

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same size

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early scientists recognized that there must be such size differences and assumed that collections of larger molecules must have larger volumes that collections of an

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equal number of small molecules

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Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of particles

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Avogadro's hypothesis

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Avogadro's hypothesis isn't so mysterious if you consider that

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the particles in a gas are very far apart

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a collection of relatively large particles does not require much more space than

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the same numer of relatively small particles

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Equal numbers of particles of different gases in equal volumes at the same temperature should exert the same pressure because

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the particles have the same average kinetic ernergy and are contained within equal volumes

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whenever you have equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure, the volumes should

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contain equal numbers of particles

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the particles in a gas mixture at the same temperature have the same

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average kinetic energy

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gas pressure depends only on the number of

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gas particles in a given volume and on their average kinetic energy

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the contribution each gas in a mixture makes to the total pressure is called the

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partial pressure exerted by that gas

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Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3...

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Dalton's law of partial pressures

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at constant volume and temperature, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases

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Dalton's law of partial pressures

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the fractional contribution to pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture does not change as

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the temperature, pressure, or volume changes

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the tendency of molecules to move toward areas of lower concentration until the concentration is uniform throughout

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diffusion

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most of the early work on diffusion was done in the 1840s by the Scottish chemist

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Thomas Graham

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Graham measured the rates of

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effusion

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the process in which a gas escapes through a tiny hole in its container

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effusion

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graham noticed that the gases of lower molar mass effuse _____ than the gases of higher molar mass

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faster

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The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas's molar mass

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Graham's law of effusion

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the diffusion of a gas is also inversely proportional to the

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square root of its molar mass

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if two bodies of different masses have the same kinetic energy, the lighter body must move

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faster

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the particles of two different gases at the same temperature have the

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same average kinetic energy

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a gas particle of low mass should move ____ than a gas particle of high mass if the gases are at the same temperature

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faster

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the gas of lower molar mass should therefore diffuse and effuse

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faster

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RateA/RateB =

sr molar mass B/
sr molar mass A

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graham's law