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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Amantadine (Symmetrel) Agent for Influenza A, respiratory viruses |
- Treatment of Parkinson disease; treatment and prevention of respiratory virus infections - Peaks in 4 hrs - Excreted unchanged in urine - Because of its renal clearance, must be used at reduced doses and with caution in patients with any renal impairment - Embrotoxic and crosses breast milk |
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Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Agent of Influenza A, respiratory viruses |
- Treatment and prevention of uncomplicated influenza for patient who is symptomatic for over 2 days; only antiviral agent effective in treatment of avian flu - Metabolized in the urine, excreted in the urine - Reduced doses for patients with renal dysfunction |
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Ribavirin (Revetron, Virazole) Agent of Influenza A, respiratory viruses |
- Used in combination with interferon alfa-2b as oral drug for treatment of chronic hepatitis C in children and adults who relapse after interferon-alpha therapy - Treatment of influenza A, respiratory synctial virus (RSV), and herpes virus infections; treatment of children with RSV; has undergone testing for use in several other viral conditions - Inhaled drug, slowly absorbed through respiratory tract - Metabolized at cellular level and excreted in feces and urine - Teratogenic and is rated pregnancy category X |
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Rimantadine (Flumadine) Agent for Influenza A, respiratory viruses |
- Treatment and prevention of influenza A infections - Peaks in 6 hrs - Metabolized in liver and excreted in urine - Use in children should be limited to prevention of Influenza A infections |
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Zanamivir (Relenza) Agent for Influenza A, respiratory viruses |
- Treatment and prevention of uncomplicated influenza infections in adults and in children over 7 yrs old who have had symptoms for more than 2 days - Must be delivered by diskhaler device, absorbed through respiratory tract and excreted unchanged in urine - Give smaller doses in patients with renal dysfunction |
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Acyclovir (Zovirax) Agent for Herpes, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
- Treats Herpes - Oral, parenteral, topical - Peaks 1 hr - Excreted unchanged in urine - Crosses into breast milk |
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Cidofovir (Vistide) Agent for Herpes, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
- Treats CMV retinitis in AIDS patients - IV peaks at end of infusion - Cleared from system within 15 min after infusion - Excreted unchanged in urine and must be given with probenecid to increase renal clearance of the drug - Dose must be decreased in renal dysfunction, low creatinine clearance - Use cautiously in children with AIDS - Associated with severe renal toxicity and granulocytopenia |
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Famciclovir (Famvir) Agent for Herpes, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
- Treats Herpes viruses such as herpes zoster or shingles and for recurrent episodes of genital herpes - Peaks 2-3 hrs - Metabolized in liver and excreted in urine and feces - Crosses placenta |
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Foscarnet (Foscavir) Agent for Herpes, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
- Treats CMV and acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections in immunocompromised patients - IV only peaks at end of infusion - 90% excreted unchanged in urine, making it toxic to kidneys - Caution in patients with renal impairment - Associated with seizures in patients with electrolyte imbalances |
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Ganciclovir (Cytovene) Agent for Herpes, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
- Long-term treatment and prevention of CMV infection - Oral, IV forms - Peaks at 1 hr IV and 2-4 hrs oral - Excreted unchanged in feces with some urinary excretion - Associated with bone marrow depression |
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Valacyclovir (Valtrex) Agent for Herpes, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
- Treatment of herpes zoster and recurrent genital herpes; cold sores (herpes labialis) - Oral agent rapidly absorbed from the GI tract and metabolized in the liver to acyclovir - Excretion through urine, so caution in patients with renal dysfunction |
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Valganciclovir (Valcyte) Agent for Herpes, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
- Treatment of CMV retinitis in AIDS patients - Oral prodrug that is immediately converted to ganciclovir once in the body - Peaks in 3 hrs - Excreted unchanged in feces with some urinary excretion - Associated with bone marrow depression |
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Delavirdine (Rescriptor) Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
- Part of combination therapy regimens for treatment of HIV in adults - Rapidly absorbed from GI tract and peaks within 1 hr - Extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 system in the liver and is excreted through the urine |
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Efavirenz (Sustiva) Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
- Treatment of adults and children with HIV in combination with other antiretrovirals - Absorbed rapidly from GI tract, reaching peak levels in 3-5 hrs - Metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 system and is excreted in the urine and feces |
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Etravirine (Intelance) Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
- Treatment of HIV in adults with treatment experience who have evidence of viral replication and HIV strains resistant to standard therapy - Rapidly absorbed from GI tract and peaks in 2.5-4 hrs - Metabolized in liver by cytochrome P450 system and is excreted in feces and urine |
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Nevirapine (Viramune) Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
- Treatment of adults or children with HIV in combination with other antiretroviral agents - Recommended for use in adults and children older than 2 months - Rapid GI absorption with peak 4 hrs - Metabolized in liver by cytochrome P450 system - Excreted through urine |
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Rilpivirine (Edurant) Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
- Combination treatment of adults with HIV-1 infection - Newest drug of NRTI class - Rapidly absorbed from GI tract and peaks 4-5 hrs - Metabolized in liver and excreted in feces and urine |
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Abacavir (Ziagen) Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
- Combination therapy for treatment of adults and children with HIV - Oral drug rapidly absorbed from GI tract - Metabolized in liver and excreted in feces and urine - Associated with serious-to-fatal hypersensitivity reactions and must be stopped immediately (Fever, chills, rash, fatigue, GI upset, flu-like symptoms) - Patients exhibiting hypersensitivity should be listed with Abacavir Hypersensitivity Registry, which is maintained by US Food and Drug Administration |
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Didanosine (Videx) Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
- Treatment of advanced infections in adults and children with HIV as part of combination therapy
- Rapidly destroyed in acid environment and therefore must be taken in buffered form - Peaks in 15-75 min - Undergoes intracellular metabolism and is excreted in the urine - Associated with pancreatitis, hepatomegaly, neurological problems |
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Emtricitabine (Emtriva) Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
- Part of combination therapy for treatment of HIV-1 infection
- One capsule a day - Rapid onset and peaks in 1-2 hrs - Metabolized in liver and excreted in urine and feces - Dose lowered in patients with renal impairment - Associated with severe and fatal hepatomegaly with steatosis, fatty degeneration of the liver - Associated with severe and even fatal hepatomegaly with steatosis |
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Lamivudine (Epivir) Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
- With other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of adults and children with HIV; as an oral solution for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B
- Rapidly absorbed from GI tract and excreted unchanged in the urine - Peaks within 4 hrs - Dose reduction in patients with renal dysfunction - Oral solution, Epivir-HBV - Also recommended for treatment of chronic hepatitis B |
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Stavudine (Zerit XR) Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
- Treatment of adults with HIV in combination with other antiretroviral agents
- Rapidly absorbed from GI tract peaking in 1 hr - Excreted unchanged in urine, so reduce dose in patients with renal dysfunction - Can be used for adults and children - Only available in extended-release form, allowing once a day dosing |
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Tenofovir (Viread) Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
- Treatment of adults with HIV infection in combination with other antiretroviral drugs
- Newer drug that affects virus at different point in replication-a nucleotide that becomes a nucleoside - Used only in combination with other antiretroviral agents - Rapidly absorbed from GI tract and peaks in 45-75 min - Metabolism unknown but excreted in urine - Associated with severe hepatomegaly and steatosis, so use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment or lactic acidosis - May cause changes in body fat distribution, with loss of fat from arms, legs, face and deposition of fat on trunk, neck, breasts |
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Zidovudine (Retrovir, Aztec) Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor |
- Treatment of symptomatic HIV in adults and children as part of combination therapy; prevention of maternal transmission of HIV - One of first drugs found to be effective in treating AIDS - Rapidly absorbed from GI tract and peaks 30-75 min - Metabolized in liver and excreted in urine - Associated with bone marrow suppression |
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Atazanavir (Reyataz) Protease Inhibitor |
- Treatment of adults with HIV as part of combination therapy - Rapidly absorbed from GI tract and can be taken with food - After metabolism in liver, is excreted in the urine and feces - Not recommended for patients with severe hepatic impairment; for those with moderate hepatic impairment, dose should be reduced |
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Darunavir (Prezista) Protease Inhibitor |
- Treatment of adults with advanced HIV disease with progression following standard treatment, used as part of combination therapy that must contain ritonavir - Well absorbed from GI tract and peaks in 2.5-4 hrs - Metabolized in liver and excreted in the urine and feces - Not recommended for patients with severe hepatic impairment |
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Fosamprenavir (Lexiva) Protease Inhibitor |
- Part of combination therapy for treatment of HIV in adults - Rapidly absorbed after oral administration, peaking in 1.5-4 hrs - Metabolized in liver and excreted in urine and feces |
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Indinavir (Crixivan) Protease Inhibitor |
- Treatment of adults with HIV as part of combination therapy - Rapidly absorbed from GI tract, peaks in .8 hrs - Metabolized in liver by cytochrome P450 system - Excreted in urine - Decrease dose in patients with renal or hepatic impairment |
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Lopinavir (Kaletra) Protease Inhibitor |
- Treatment of adults and children with HIV in combination with other antiretroviral agents - Used as fixed combination drug that combines lopinavir and ritonavir - Ritonavir inhibits metabolism of lopinavir, leading to increased lopinavir serum levels and effectiveness - Readily absorbed from GI tract and reaches peak levels in 3-4 hrs - Metabolized in liver by cytochrome P450 system - Excreted in urine and feces |
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Nelfinavir (Viracept) Protease Inhibitor |
- Combination therapy for treatment of adults and children with HIV - Well absorbed from GI tract an peaks 2-4 hrs - Metabolized in liver by cytochrome P450 CY3A system - Caution and reduce dose in patients with hepatic dysfunction - Excreted in feces - Because there is little renal excretion, this is considered a good drug for patients with renal impairment |
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Ritonavir (Norvir) Protease Inhibitor |
- Part of combination therapy for treatment of adults and children with HIV
- Rapidly absorbed from GI tract and peaks 2-4 hrs - Undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver and is excreted in feces and urine |
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Saquinavir (Fortovase) Protease Inhibitor |
- Treatment of adults with HIV as part of combination therapy - Slowly absorbed from GI tract and metabolized in liver by cytochrome P450 mediator, so must be cautiously used in presence of hepatic dysfunction - Primarily excreted in feces |
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Tipranavir (Aptivus) Protease Inhibitor |
- Treatment of adults with HIV in combination with Ritonavir - Treats HIV in adults in combination with 200mg ritonavir - Taken orally with food - 2 250mg capsules each day with ritonavir - Slowly absorbed from GI tract, peaking in 2.9 hrs - Metabolized in liver and excreted in urine and feces |
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Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) Fusion Inhibitor |
- Used in combination with other antiretroviral agents to treat adults and children older than 6 yrs who have evidence of HIV-1 replication despite ongoing antiretroviral therapy - Subcutaneous injection, peaks 4-8 hrs - After metabolism it is recycled in tissues and not excreted - Contraindicated with allergies and in nursing mothers - Use with caution in presence of lung disease or pregnancy - Associated with insomnia, depression, peripheral neuropathy, nausea, diarrhea, pneumonia, injection-site reactions - No reported drug interactions |
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Maraviroc (Selzentry) CCR5 Coreceptor Antagonist |
- Part of combination therapy for treatment of HIV-1 infections - Rapidly absorbed from GI tract, metabolized in liver, excreted through feces - Don't use with allergies or in nursing mothers - Caution in presence of liver disease or coinfection with hepatitis B, because of black box warning of hepatotoxicity - Monitor patients at risk for cardiovascular events or hypotension - Associated with dizziness, changes in consciousness - Patients may also be at risk for infections because of the way the drug affects the cell membrane of the CD4 helper t-cells - Increased serum levels when combined with cytochrome P450 CYP3A inhibitors - Decreased effectiveness if combiend with CYP3a Inducers - Don't use St. John's Wort because there is loss of antiviral effects |
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Raltegravir (Isentress) Integrase Inhibitor |
- Part of combination therapy for treatment of HIV-1 Infections - Rapidly absorbed from GI tract and metabolized in liver - Excreted primarily in the feces - Contraindicated with allergies, use in children, nursing mothers - Caution if patient is at risk for rhabdomyiolysis or myopathy during pregnancy - Continue drug regimen to prevent development of resistant strains of virus - Associated with headache, dizziness, increased risk for development of rhabdomyolysis and myopathy - Risk of decreased serum levels of raltegravir if it is combined with rifampin - Avoid use of St. John's Wort, which can interfere with drug's effectiveness |
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Adefovir (Hepsera) Anti-Hepatitis B |
- Treatment of Hepatitis B with evidence of active viral replications and persistent elevations in liver enzymes |
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Entecavir (Baraclude) Anti-Hepatitis B |
- Treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults with evidence of active viral replication and persistent liver enzyme elevations |
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Telbivudine (Tyzeka) Anti-Hepatitis B |
- Treatment of chronic hepatitis B in patients over 16 yrs old with evidence of viral replication and persistent liver enzyme elevations |
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Boceprevir (Victrelis) Anti-Hepatitis C |
- Treatment of Hepatitis C in adults with compensated liver disease, must be given with peginterferon and ribavirin |
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Telaprevir (Incivek) Anti-Hepatitis C |
- Treatment of Hepatitis C in adults with compensated liver disease; must be given with peginterferon and ribavirin |
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Docosanol (Abreva) Locally active antiviral |
- Treatment of oral and facial herpes simplex, cold sores, fever blisters |
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Ganciclovir (Vitrasert) Locally active antiviral |
- Implanted for treatment of CMV in patients with AIDS |
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Imiquimod (Aldara) Locally active antiviral |
- Local treatment of genital and perianal warts |
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Penciclovir (Denavir) Locally active antiviral |
- Local treatment of herpes labialis (cold sores) on face and lips |
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Trifluridine (Viroptic) Locally active antiviral |
- Ophthalmic ointment to treatment herpes simplex infections in the eye |
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Fluconazole (Diflucan) Azole Antifungal |
- Treatment of candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, other fungal infections; prophylaxis for reducing incidence of candidiasis in bone marrow transplant individuals - PO, IV - Peaks 1-2 hrs - Excreted unchanged in urine, so caution in patients with renal dysfunction |
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Itraconazole (Sporanox) Azole Antifungal |
- Treatment of blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis - PO - Slowly absorbed from GI tract and metabolized in liver by CYP450 system - Excreted in urine and feces |
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Ketoconazole (Nizoral, Xolegel) Azole Antifungal |
- Treatment of aspergillosis, leishmaniasis, cryptococcosus, blastomycosis, moniliasis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis; topical treatment of mycoses (cream), and to reduce scaling of dandruff (shampoo) - PO, shampoo, cream - Absorbed rapidly from GI tract, peaks 1-3 hrs - Metabolized in liver and excreted in feces |
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Posaconazole (Noxafil) Azole Antifungal |
- Prophylaxis on invasive Aspergillus and Candida infections in adults and children older than 13 yrs who are immunosuppressed secondary to antineoplasic, chemotherapy, graft vs host disease following transplants, hematological malignancies - PO - Rapid onset and peaks 3-5 hrs - Metabolized in liver and excreted in feces |
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Terbinafine (Lamisil) Azole Antifungal |
- Treatment of onychomycosis of fingernail or toenail caused by dermatophytes; the drug was approved in late 2007 for treatment of tinea capitis (ringworm of scalp) in children older than 4 yrs old - Sprinkle formulation for children - Better alternative for patients who need drug metabolized in liver by CYP450 system - Terbinafine rapidly absorbed from GI tract - Metabolized in liver - Excreted in urine |
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Voriconazole (Vfend) Azole Antifungal |
- Treatment of invasive aspergillosis; treatment of serious fungal infections caused by scedosporium apiospermum or fusarium species when the patient is intolerant to or not responding to other therapy - PO, IV - Peaks 1-2 hrs PO, and at onset of infusion if given IV - Metabolized in liver and excreted in urine |
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Anidulafungin (Eraxis) Echinocandin Antifungal |
- Treatment of candidemia (Infection of blood stream) and other forms of candida infection, intraabdominal infections, and esophageal candidiasis - Daily IV infusion for 14 days - Rapid onset, metabolized by degradation - Excreted in feces - May cross placenta and enter breast milk so should not be used in pregnancy, lactation - Caution in hepatic impairment - Associated with hepatic toxicity |
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Caspofungin Acetate (Cancidas) Echinocandin Antifungal |
- Treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients who do not respond or are intolerant to other therapies - Available for IV use - Slowly metabolized in liver - Bound to protein and widely distributed throughout body - Excreted in urine - Can be toxic to liver, so reduce dose in hepatic impairment - Enters breast milk so caution during pregnancy, lactation - Associated with hepatic toxicity |
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Micafungin (Mycamine) Echinocandin Antifungal |
- Treatment of patients with esophageal candidiasis; prophylaxis of Candida infections in patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplant - IV - Rapid onset, excreted in urine - Associated with severe hypersensitivity reactions - Bone marrow suppression can occur |
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Amphotericin B (Abelcet, Amphotec, AmBisome) Miscellaneous Antifungal |
- Treatment of aspergillosis, leishmaniasis, cryptococcosis, blastomycosis, moniliasis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis and mucomycosis, use is reserved for progressive, potentially fatal infections due to many associated adverse effects - Very potent with many unpleasant adverse effects - Binds to sterols in fungus cell wall, changing cell wall permeability=cell death - Also prevents fungal cells from reproducing - IV - Excreted in urine - Used successfully during pregnancy, but use caution - Associated with severe renal impairment, bone marrow suppression, GI irritation with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss - Pain at injection site with possibility of phlebitis or thrombophlebitis - Don't take with other nephrotoxic drugs like nephrotoxic antibiotics or antineoplastics, cyclosporine, or corticosteroids because of risk of renal toxicity |
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Flucytosine (Ancobon) Miscellaneous Antifungal |
- Treatment of systemic infections caused by Candida or Cryptococcus - Less toxic drug that alters cell membrane of fungi, causing cell death - IV - Excreted unchanged in urine and a small amount in feces - Well absorbed from GI tract, peaks 2 hrs - Caution during use in patient with renal impairment since it relies on kidney for excretion and is toxic to the kidney |
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Griseofulvin Miscellaneous Antifungal |
- Treatment of variety of ringworm or tinea infections caused by susceptible Trichophyton species, including tinea corporis, tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea barbae, tinea capitis, tinea unguium - Older antifungal that changes cell membrane permeability and causes cell death - Given PO and peaks 4 hrs - Metabolized in liver and excreted in urine - Adverse effects mild, with headache and CNS changes most frequent |
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Nyastatin (Mycostatin, Nilstat) Miscellaneous Antifungal |
- Treatment of candidiasis (oral form); treatment of local candidiasis, vaginal candidiasis, cutaneous and mucocutaneous infections caused by Candida species - Binds to sterols in cell wall, changing membrane permeability and allowing leaking of cellular components, resulting in cell death - Not absorbed from GI tract and passes unchanged in stool |
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Butoconazole (Gynazole I) Azole Topical Antifungal |
- Available over the counter for treatment of vaginal Candida infections |
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Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex) Azole Topical Antifunga |
- Available OTC for treatment of oral, vaginal Candida infections, tinea infections |
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Econazole (Spectazole) Azole Topical Antifungal |
- Treatment of tinea infections - Can cause intense, local burning and irritation and should be discontinued if these conditions become severe |
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Ketoconazole (Extina, Xolegel) Azole Topical Antifungal |
- Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis |
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Micoconazole (Monistat, Fungoid, Lotrimin AF) Azole Topical Antifungal |
- Treatment of local, topical mycoses, including bladder and vaginal infections and athlete's foot |
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Oxiconazole (Oxistat) Azole Topical Antifungal |
- Short-term (Up to 4 wks) treatment of topical mycosis - Should not be used more than 4 wks due to adverse effects and possible emergence of resistant strains |
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Sertaconazole Nitrate (Ertaczo) Azole Topical Antifungal |
- Treatment of Tinea Pedis infections (Up to 4wks) - Should not be used more than 4 wks due to adverse effects and possible emergence of resistant strains |
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Sulconazole (Exelderm) Azole Topical Antifungal |
- Treatment of tinea infections - Should not be used more than 6 wks due to risk of adverse effects and possible emergence of resistant strains |
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Terbinafine (Lamisil) Azole Topical Antifungal |
- Short-term (1-4wk) treatment of topical mycosis; treatment of tinea infections - Should not be used more than 4 wks due to possible adverse effects and emergence of resistant strain - Should be stopped when fungal condition appears to be improved or if local irritation and pain become too great to avoid toxic effects |
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Terconazole (Terazol) Azole Topical Antifungal |
- Local treatment of Candida infections |
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Tioconazole (Monistat-1, Vagistat-1) Azole Topical Antifungal |
- Treatment of recurrent vaginal Candida infections |
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Gentian Violet Miscellaneous Topical Antifungal |
- Treatment of topical mycosis - Stains skin and clothing bright purple - Is very toxic when absorbed, so it cannot be used near active lesions |
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Naftifine (Naftin) Miscellaneous Topical Antifungal |
- Short-term treatment of severe topical mycosis (Up to 4wks) - Should not be used more than 4 wks due to adverse effects and possible emergence of resistant strains |
