Chapter Five

Front 1

Why does the MTSU Study Skills site say short study sessions are conducive to good memory

Back 1

Short sessions, more often, create growth of dendrites and connections

Front 2

is processing that organizes and integrates new information into previously stored information, often by making associations.

Back 2

Breadth of processing

Front 3

n the game show Jeopardy! contestants are tested on general information. The type of memory used to answer these kinds of questions is

Back 3

Samantic

Front 4

Flashbulb memories

Back 4

usually concern events that are emotionally charged

Front 5

Memories for general facts and personal information are called

Back 5

Declaritive

Front 6

Remembering your first day of college classes is an example of ________ memories

Back 6

episodic

Front 7

When trying to memorize a list of words, reading over them several times before recall is an example of

Back 7

Reptition

Front 8

occurs when having performed a task predisposes you to perform the same or an associated task again in the future.

Back 8

Priming

Front 9

is amnesia that leaves consolidated memories intact but prevents the storing of new facts.

Back 9

Anterograde amnesia

Front 10

is amnesia that disrupts previous memories

Back 10

Retrograde amnesia

Front 11

The first step in the memory process is _____________ information in a form that the memory system can use.

Back 11

Encoding

Front 12

Distributed practice in studying means to

Back 12

study in short sessions spread out over time

Front 13

A skill is like a habit, except that

Back 13

skills are more flexible

Front 14

is a failure to process to-be-remembered information well enough to ensure that is fully entered into long term memory

Back 14

Encoding failure

Front 15

The process of retaining information in memory is known as

Back 15

Storage

Front 16

is learning that occurs as a result of trying to learn

Back 16

intentional Learning

Front 17

is paying attention to characteristics that distinguish actual from imagined stimuli.

Back 17

Reality monitoring

Front 18

At the level of the brain, what effect does the stress hormone cortisol have on memory?

Back 18

t can kill neurons in the hippocampus

Front 19

The depth of processing concept of Craik and Lockhart would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog

Back 19

would it be found in the pond

Front 20

The key difference between priming and repetition priming is that, unlike priming, repetition priming usually involves

Back 20

multiple exposures of the same stimuli

Front 21

Suppose you're pitching in a baseball game facing a good hitter. You remember that you struck him out with a fastball the last time he was up. You also remember that your coach told you always to try to be unpredictable, so you decide to throw a curve ball this time. In making this decision, you are primarily using your ________.

Back 21

Central executive

Front 22

Which of the following statements is true about retrieval

Back 22

It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness.

Front 23

The key difference between the pegword system and the method of loci is that, in the pegword system, instead of

Back 23

places, you first memorize a set of objects in order

Front 24

A set of neurons that serves to retain information over time is known as a

Back 24

Memory store

Front 25

are encoding strategies that produce great breadth of processing

Back 25

Elaborative encoding

Front 26

Loss of memory from the point of injury or illness forward is called

Back 26

anterograde amnesia

Front 27

is the act of intentionally bringing explicit information to awareness, which requires transferring the information from long-term memory to short-term memory.

Back 27

Recall

Front 28

The crucial difference between having a "good" memory and having a "bad" memory among most people is

Back 28

The strategies people use when studying

Front 29

Mateo is 70 years old and had a stroke last year. He is now unable to remember how to get to and return from his new doctor's office using a specific route. What brain structure was potentially damaged by Mateo's stroke

Back 29

his hippocampus

Front 30

When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called

Back 30

encoding

Front 31

How do cues help you to remember?

Back 31

They direct you to relevant information stored in long-term memory

Front 32

False memories are ________.

Back 32

mostly memories that did not acure

Front 33

are encoding strategies that produce great breadth of processing

Back 33

Elaborative encoding

Front 34

The memory system that includes two specialized short-term memories (i.e., auditory loop and visuospatial sketchpad) and a central executive that operates on information in the short-term memories to plan, reason, or solve a problem is known as _______________________.

Back 34

Working memory

Front 35

One aspect of sensory memory that distinguishes it from other types of memory is that

Back 35

SM occurs automatically without conscious effort

Front 36

The key to mnemonics is that they

Back 36

link something new to something you already know

Front 37

Recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of

Back 37

semantic memory

Front 38

Candice is studying for her psychology multiple-choice exam by thinking about the various facts she has read and trying to distinguish the very similar ideas. As such, Candice appears to be engaged in _

Back 38

transfer appropriate processing

Front 39

How do cues help you to remember

Back 39

They direct you to relevant information stored in long-term memory

Front 40

are memories that cannot be retrieved voluntarily and brought into short-term memory but rather predispose a person to process information or behave in certain ways in the presence of specific stimuli.

Back 40

implicit memories

Front 41

A __________________ is an unusually vivid and detailed memory of a dramatic event.

Back 41

flashblab memory

Front 42

H. M., a famous amnesiac, gave researchers solid information that the ______________ was important in storing new long-term memories.

Back 42

hippocramus

Front 43

A patient's chart indicates he just had surgery to remove his hippocampus as a result of a tumor. What change do you anticipate in the patient after the operation?

Back 43

The patient will not be able to remember new information.

Front 44

Micah is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before. What part of working memory is he accessing?

Back 44

the visuospatial sketch pad

Front 45

Why does distributed practice result in improved memory over massed practice?

Back 45

Each time you study you provide more associations.

Front 46

At the level of the brain, what effect does the stress hormone cortisol have on memory

Back 46

It can kill neurons in the hippocampus.

Front 47

The auditory form of sensory memory is called ________ memory.

Back 47

In the research of Elizabeth Loftus (1993) and others, what percentage of participants reported an event that did not occur?

Front 48

In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer

Back 48

form new memories

Front 49

The key difference between the pegword system and the method of loci is that, in the pegword system, instead of ________.

Back 49

places, you first memorize a set of objects in order

Front 50

In the research on false memories, why was it easier to implant some memories and not others?

Back 50

The emotion evoked by the potentially implanted memory played a role.

Front 51

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

Back 51

sensory memory

Front 52

Declarative memories are sometimes referred to as ________ memories.

Back 52

expicit

Front 53

Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the better it will be remembered?

Back 53

depth-of-processing model

Front 54

The memory system that includes two specialized short-term memories (i.e., auditory loop and visuospatial sketchpad) and a central executive that operates on information in the short-term memories to plan, reason, or solve a problem is known as _______________________.

Back 54

Working memory

Front 55

According to the website on infantile amnesia, which kind of memories are less accessible after several months even though they are retrievable within a few hours?

Back 55

Declarative memories

Front 56

Candice is studying for her psychology multiple-choice exam by thinking about the various facts she has read and trying to distinguish the very similar ideas. As such, Candice appears to be engaged in ________.

Back 56

Transfer appropriate processing

Front 57

___________________ is the act of successfully matching an encoded stimulus to information about that stimulus that was previously stored in memory.

Back 57

recognizable

Front 58

n the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number

Back 58

7 plus or minus 2

Front 59

________ refers to the process of paying attention to characteristics that distinguish actual from imagined stimuli.

Back 59

Reality monitoring

Front 60

Miller argued that STM could hold ________ chunks at once.

Back 60

5 to 9

Front 61

Memory retrieval that is better if it occurs in the same psychological state that was present when the information was first encoded is known as ____________________.

Back 61

State-dependent retrieval

Front 62

According to the website on infantile amnesia, the prefrontal cortex

Back 62

matures at about the same time that memories become accessible

Front 63

Specifically, what is a code?

Back 63

a particular method for specifying information

Front 64

Traditionally, what are repressed memories?

Back 64

real memories pushed out of consciousness because they are emotionally threatening

Front 65

According to the website on infantile amnesia language development is not a good explanation for the onset of memories from childhood because

Back 65

pre-verbal babies can remember things for 6 months or more

Front 66

Jerome is preparing for his philosophy essay exam and has decided to just employ basic memorization skills. What does transfer appropriate processing predict in this case?

Back 66

he wiill do poorly on the test

Front 67

Even though you may not remember the specific events that led you to have a certain opinion, your opinions nonetheless influence your behavior. This is because your opinions are often based on ________.

Back 67

implicit behaviors

Front 68

Recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of ________.

Back 68

semantic memory

Front 69

Automatic processing, compared to controlled processing, involves less ________.

Back 69

attention

Front 70

Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. His memory of things at the end of the list demonstrates the __________________.

Back 70

recency effect

Front 71

Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten ____________.

Back 71

quickly at first, then tapers off gradually

Front 72

Which of the following is an example of a test using recall?

Back 72

fill in the black

Front 73

___________________ are memories of events that are associated with a particular time, place, and circumstance.

Back 73

Episodic memories

Front 74

paying attention to the amount of perceptual detail in one's memories

Back 74

Reality monitoring can be improved by ________.

Front 75

False memories are ________.

Back 75

memories of events or situations that did not occur

Front 76

Trying to remember someone's name whom you met long ago is an example of what type of process?

Back 76

retrieval

Front 77

In the depth-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a ________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a _________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).

Back 77

deeper; shallower

Front 78

S's encoding and retrieval ability were enhanced by ________________.

Back 78

S's encoding and retrieval ability were enhanced by ________________.

Front 79

___________________ are memories of actual events that were pushed into the unconscious because they are emotionally threatening.

Back 79

Repressed memories

Front 80

Stimuli, thoughts, or feelings that trigger or enhance remembering are known as _________. They serve as reminders of an object or event.

Back 80

cues