Chapter 9 Note Cards

Front 1

Developing a qualitative study design involves decisions in regard to what aspects of the study?

Back 1

Intervention versus no intervention
Nature of any comparisons
Methods of controlling extraneous variables
Timing of data collection
Research sites and settings
Communication with subjects

Front 2

What are the Dimensions of Quantitative Research Design?

Back 2

~Control over independent variable
~Type of group comparisons
~Timeframes
~Observance of independent and dependent variables
~Setting

Front 3

What are the 4 designs associated with Control over independent variable?

Back 3

experimental
quasi-experimental
preexperimental nonexperimental

Front 4

What are the 2 designs associated with the type of group comparisons?

Back 4

between- subjects vs. within-subjects designs

Front 5

What are the 2 designs associated with Timeframes?

Back 5

Cross-sectional vs.
longitudinal designs

Front 6

What are the 2 designs associated with Observance of independent and dependent variables?

Back 6

retrospective and prospective

Front 7

What are the 2 designs associated with Setting?

Back 7

Naturalistic setting, laboratory

Front 8

What are the 3 Characteristics of a True Experiment?

Back 8

Manipulation
Control
Randomization (also called random assignment)—

Front 9

What is manipulation property?

Back 9

Manipulation—researcher does something to some subjects (introduces an intervention or treatment. experimenters vary the indepenant variable and then observe the dependant variable.

Front 10

What is control property?

Back 10

Control—researcher introduces controls, including a control group

Front 11

What is the Randomization (also called random assignment) property?

Back 11

Researcher assigns subjects to groups at random.
Typical assignment is to an experimental group or a control group.
May be done by computer or through a table of random numbers.

Front 12

What is a experimental group?

Back 12

This is the group receiving the treatment of interest.

Front 13

What is a control group?

Back 13

This refers ti a group of participants whose performance on a dependant variable is used to evaluate the performance of the experimental group.

Front 14

What is a table of random numbers?

Back 14

A table displaying hundreds of digits arranged in a random order.

Front 15

Experimental Designs include:

Back 15

~After-only (posttest-only) design
~Before-after (pretest posttest) design
~Factorial design
~Crossover (repeated measures) design

Front 16

Counterfactual is?

Back 16

the cotrol group condition that is used as a basis of comparison.

Front 17

What are the possibilities for the Control Condition or Counterfactual?

Back 17

~No intervention
~An alternative intervention
~A placebo or pseudo-intervention
~Standard methods of care
~Different doses or intensities of treatment
~Delayed treatment

Front 18

What type of experiments lack either randomization or control group, but introduce other controls?

Back 18

Quasi-Experiments

Front 19

Types of quasi-experimental designs:

Back 19

~Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design
~Time series designs

Front 20

Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design

Back 20

Involves 2 or more groups of subjects observed before and afterthe implementation of an intervention.

Front 21

How is the quasi-experimental designs different from the experimental research designs?

Back 21

Subject are not randomly assignedto groups.

Front 22

Time series designs

Back 22

This design does not have a control group nor uses randominization. test.Involves collecting data over an extended eriod of time and introducing the treatment during that period.

Front 23

What is a preexperimental design?

Back 23

~Lack control group and/or randomization
~Lack controls of quasi-experiments

Front 24

Examples of preexperimental designs (2):

Back 24

Nonequivalent control group, after-only design
One group before-after design

Front 25

Evaluation of quasi-experimental and pre-experimental designs (what are advantages and disadvantages)

Back 25

May be easier, more practical than true experiments but it more difficult to infer causality
and usually there are several alternative rival explanations for results

Front 26

What is Nonexperimental research?

Back 26

Take 2 groups and as the naturally occur and sopare their psychological and physical well being. This type of research involves observations rather than interventions.

Front 27

What are the types of Nonexperimental research?

Back 27

Correlational (ex post facto) research
Descriptive research

Front 28

Correlational (ex post facto) research

Back 28

Research is conducted after variation in the independant variable has occured. Basic purpose is to study relationship amoung variables.

Front 29

What are Correlational (ex post facto) research with
prospective designs?

Back 29

Starts with a presumed cause and then goes forward to the presumed effect.More costly but stronger.

Front 30

What are Correlational (ex post facto) research with retrospective designs?

Back 30

A phenomenaa is observed an in the present and is linked to phenomena occuring in the past.

Front 31

_________ is often used to strengthen a retorspective design.

Back 31

Case-control designs

Front 32

What does a Case-control design involve?

Back 32

comparing cases with a certian condition with controls who are selected to be familer to the cases with regard to key background factors that could be linked to the condition.

Front 33

What is Descriptive research?

Back 33

the purpose is to observe, describe, and document aspects of a situation. often referred to as Descriptive correlational study.

Front 34

What does Descriptive correlational study mean?

Back 34

that researchers were intrested in describing relationships among variables, without seeking to establish casual connections.

Front 35

What are the 2 designs associated with Time deminsion?

Back 35

Cross-sectional
Longitudinal

Front 36

What does Cross-sectional design mean?

Back 36

Cross-sectional design—Data are collected at a single point in time

Front 37

What does Longitudinal design mean?

Back 37

Longitudinal design—Data are collected two or more times over an extended period

Front 38

Retrospective studies are almost always _______.

Back 38

cross sectional designs

Front 39

what is the main advantage of a cross sectional design?

Back 39

they are economical and easy to manage.

Front 40

What are the 3 types of longitudinal studies?

Back 40

Trend studies
Panel studies
Follow-up studies

Front 41

Trend studies

Back 41

Investigations in which samples from a population are studied over time with respect to some ohenomena, Different samples are selected from the same population at repeated intervals.

Front 42

Panel studies

Back 42

same people provide data at two or more points in time. Typically yeild more info. These are difficult and expensive.

Front 43

What is sttrition?

Back 43

loss of participants over time.

Front 44

Follow-up studies

Back 44

Are undertaken to determine the subsequent status of subjects with specified condition or those who recieve a specified intervention.

Front 45

What are the basic two types of extrinsic varibles that need to be controlled?

Back 45

external factors and intrinsic factors.

Front 46

How are external factors controlled?

Back 46

Control over environment(most likly achieved in lab), setting, time

Front 47

How are intrinsic factors controlled?

Back 47

Through Randomization to secure comparable groups.
Theugh homogeneity which is a restricting sample
Through matching which involves using information about a subject characteristic to form comparison group.
Through statistical control.

Front 48

What is analysis of covariance?

Back 48

a detailed description of powerful statistical control mechinisms.

Front 49

What are the Characteristics of Good Research Design in Quantitative Studies?

Back 49

Internal validity
Statistical conclusion validity
External validity
Construct validity

Front 50

What is Statistical conclusion validity?

Back 50

the ability to detect true relationships statistically

Front 51

What is Internal validity?

Back 51

the extent to which it can be inferred that the independent variable caused or influenced the dependent variable

Front 52

What is External validity?

Back 52

The generalizability of the findings to other samples or settings

Front 53

What is Construct validity?

Back 53

adequacy of measuring key constructs

Front 54

What are the Threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity?

Back 54

~Low statistical power
~Weak construction of independent variable and counterfactual
~Large differences between groups needed
~Unreliable implementation of a treatment
~Inadequate participation in treatment conditions

Front 55

What is statistical power?

Back 55

Associated with Statistical Conclusion Validity. it is the ability of the design to detect true relationships among variables.

Front 56

What are the Threats to Internal Validity?

Back 56

~History threat
~Selection threat
~Maturation threat
~Mortality threat
~Often a result of differential attrition from groups

Front 57

What is the History threat?

Back 57

Associated with Internal Validity. it is the occurance of events concurrent with the independant variable that can affect the dependat variable. Most likely effects one-group before- after designs and time series design.

Front 58

What is the Selection threat?

Back 58

Associated with Internal Validity. it encompasses biases resulting from preexisting differences between groups. when people are not assigned randomly the possibility always exist that groups being compared are not equivalent.

Front 59

What is the Maturation threat?

Back 59

Associated with Internal Validity. it arises from processes occuring as a aresult of time. One group before-after designs are espically vulnerable to this threat?

Front 60

What is the Mortality threat?

Back 60

Associated with Internal Validity. it stems from differential attrition of groups. Which means that subjets are lost during the study.

Front 61

What are the Threats to External Validity?

Back 61

Inadequate sampling
Novelty effect
Expectancy effect (Hawthorne effect)
Placebo effect
Artificiality of research environment

Front 62

What is Inadequate sampling?

Back 62

Associated with External Validity. the characteristics of the smple are not representative of the population.

Front 63

What is the Novelty effect?

Back 63

Associated with External Validity. This is when a treatment is new and subjects and researchers alter their behavior. they may be ethusiastic or skeptical about new methods of doing things.