Chapter 6, 7, 8 Review

Front 1

Abigail Adams

Back 1

Wife of John Adams (2nd president) and mother of John Quincy Adams (6th president). Remembered primarily for her letters to her husband during the Continental Congresses, in which she described the American Revolutionary War front and advised her husband on important issues. She also emphasized the equality of the sexes.

Front 2

Daniel Shays

Back 2

An American soldier, famous for leading Shay's rebellion, which was was a group of poor farmers that rebelled during 1786 and 1787 against oppressive debt collections and tax policies in Massachusetts.

Front 3

Alexander Hamilton

Back 3

One of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America, and later became the Secretary of the Treasury. He set up the policies of the National Bank, governmental funding of state debts, system of tariffs, and maintaining friendly terms with the British. He was one of the few men who did not like the Articles of the Confederation

Front 4

James Madison

Back 4

Fourth President of the United States, also known as the Father of the Constitution for his great contribution to the drafting of it. He was the author of the Bill of Rights. He was the Secretary of the Treasury under Jefferson, and supervised the Virginia Purchase.

Front 5

Checks and balances

Back 5

An important aspect of the American Constitution, by which each of the three branches of the government keeps control of the others.

Front 6

"Mobocracy"

Back 6

A word used to describe the rule or domination by the common citizens.

Front 7

Consent of the governed

Back 7

This phrase describes the political theory by which a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is only justified and legal when derived from the citizens of the country, the ones who are under the government.

Front 8

Republicanism

Back 8

An ideology where the nation is ruled as a republic, with one head who's chosen usually through elections (instead of the post being heredity). Everyone is governed by the law and by the people.

Front 9

States' rights

Back 9

Political powers reserved for individual states, separate from the federal laws.

Front 10

Popular sovereignty

Back 10

The idea that the legitimacy of the state is decided by the people's consent. Philosophers that supported this ideal: John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Front 11

Articles of the Confederation

Back 11

Articles that defined laws of the new Congress, giving states more power than the central government. They were approved in 1777. They set up one legislative body with elected representatives, with each state getting only 1 vote. The Congress was not given the right to tax people and amendments could only be made if ALL the states agreed. The central government's only concerns were: military matters, Indian affairs, and interstate disputes.

Front 12

Land Ordinance of 1785

Back 12

A process of laying out new townships and marketing public lands. Surveyors would divide the land into sections of 1 square mile each and would action the land at a certain price. This was done because the Congress needed money, and so they wanted to sell off all their Western land.

Front 13

Land Ordinance of 1787

Back 13

Written to form a new structure of government for the Northwest Territory. The region would be divided into 3-5 parts, each with a governor, a secretary, and three judges. After a certain population was reached, they could form an assembly and write a constitution. The states formed by this ordinance are: Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana.

Front 14

Constitutional Convention

Back 14

Also known as the Philadelphia Convention, was a meeting that took place in September, 1787, to talk about the Articles of the Confederation and their effectiveness. Instead of just revising the Articles as planned, people such as Alexander Hamilton and James Madison proposed a whole new set of laws. The result of this convention was the writing of the Constitution.

Front 15

"Great Compromise" (1787)

Back 15

A compromise between the larger and smaller states in America, in which there would be a bicameral legislature (Madison's idea), with proportional representation in the lower house, and equal power for all states in the upper house.

Front 16

Common Sense

Back 16

An essay written by Thomas Paine in 1774 that criticized the King and persuaded common people to fight against the monarch.

Front 17

What were the three advantages that America had over the British?

Back 17

1) They would have to transport men and supplies across the Atlantic. 2) America was too big to be conquered easily. 3) The British underestimated the commitment of the soldiers.

Front 18

Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1778)

Back 18

It established trade between France and the United States.

Front 19

Treaty of Alliance (1778)

Back 19

It stated that if France and England went to war, the French would not sign a peace treaty with England unless the US was formally recognized by the British.

Front 20

Louisiana Purchase

Back 20

Americans bought the entire Louisiana Territory from the French for $15 million. It doubled the size of the US and provided them with access to the Gulf of Mexico.

Front 21

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Back 21

Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis to explore the Missouri River to see if it was good enough for trade, to explore the Far West, and to look at the flora and fauna found there. William Clark helped in the preparation of this expedition.

Front 22

Barbary War

Back 22

The North-African Barbary States of Tangier, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, were blockaded by Jefferson's army. The war cost a lot of money and did not lead to any good. It was ended by a treaty in 1805.

Front 23

Embargo Act (1807)

Back 23

During the war between France and England, the United States tried to claim their neutrality. However, neither Britain nor France respected this. To solve the problem, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act, by which the United States would stop all trade with both countries.

Front 24

War of 1812

Back 24

A war fought by the small army and navy to kick the British out of Canada. The Republicans underestimated the British and failed to provide the necessities. The British ended up giving up on the operation.

Front 25

Compact theory

Back 25

The theory that the nation was created by a compact agreed on by all the states, and thus the federal government has been created by the states.

Front 26

Judiciary Act of 1789

Back 26

Adopted in the first session of the Congress, by which all judicial power would be vested in the supreme court, and smaller, inferior courts could be established when congress thought necessary. Congress would decide how the courts would be formed (they would choose the financial needs and procedures of formation.)

Front 27

Talleyrand

Back 27

A French diplomat that first stayed with Aaron Burr, but then stopped talking to him because he supported Hamilton.

Front 28

Thomas Jefferson

Back 28

The third President of the United States, the author of the Declaration of Independence, and one of the Founding Fathers. He was at the Continental Congress as the representative for the state of Virginia. He also drafted the ordinance of 1784 that served as a basis for later land ordinances.

Front 29

Revolution of 1800

Back 29

The Presidential Election in 1800, in which Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams.

Front 30

Meriwether Lewis

Back 30

The explorer appointed for the Lewis and Clark Expedition by Jefferson to explore the Far West and to collect information about the usage of the Missouri River and the flora and fauna of the area.

Front 31

Robert Morris

Back 31

Proposed a national bank, and wrote "On Public Credit"

Front 32

John Jay

Back 32

Negotiated with the Spanish (Jay- Gordogui Treaty), causing southern and western hostility.

Front 33

Gouverneur Morris

Back 33

Polished the final wording of the Constitution and helped Robert Morris with his proposals

Front 34

Non-Intercourse Acts

Back 34

Six statues passed by the Congress that regulated commerce with the Indians and prohibited the purchase of Indian land without the approval of the Congress.

Front 35

Chesapeake Incident

Back 35

The Chesapeake, a US frigate, was boarded by a British ship, the Leopard. The Chesapeake was not fully armed. The British seized four alleged deserters. Jefferson tried to diplomatically end the problems by threatening the British, but it did not work.

Front 36

Impressment

Back 36

When British ships would take American sailors and force them to work on their own ships.

Front 37

Embargo Act

Back 37

A law in 1807 that prohibited all trade with the British, in response to a British attack on an American ship.

Front 38

Hartford Convention

Back 38

An assembly that took place in 1807 in New England to protest against Madison's policy during the War of 1812. They wanted to make an amendment in the Constitution that prevented any president from making war decisions with at least a two-thirds vote from Congress.

Front 39

Northwest Ordinance

Back 39

A plan for the organization of the Northwest territory. Slavery was prohibited south of the Ohio River. The land was much less orderly than the Western land.

Front 40

Kentucky Resolution

Back 40

Jefferson's argument that states should have the right to null congregational laws and acts that they did not think were constitutional.

Front 41

Virginia Resolution

Back 41

Similar to the Kentucky Resolution, written by Madison, trying to prevent states' rights.

Front 42

War hawks

Back 42

Congressional leaders in 1811 and 1812 that wanted to go to war against Britain to defend national horrors and to make Britain respect their maritime rights.

Front 43

Marbury vs. Madison

Back 43

A decision made in 1803 by which the Supreme Court asserted the power of the judicial review by declaring the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional.