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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How can electrons jump up and down energy levels? |
Electrons absorb energy from heat, light or electricity and jump up to a higher energy level (they then are in an excited state) When electrons release energy, they jump down an energy level (they then are at ground state) |
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Describe a proton. |
A positively charged particle, found in the nucleus and has a relative mass of 1836. |
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Describe an electron. |
A negatively charged particle, found in orbits around the nucleus and has a relative mass of 1. |
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Describe a neutron. |
A neutron a neutral particle, found in the nucleus and has a relative mass of 1837. |
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What is standard atomic notation? |
A notation of used to represent an element. Which includes the atomic mass and the atomic number of an element. |
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Describe the metals on the Periodic Table. |
Metals: - found on the left side of the table - all solid at room temperature - shiny - conduct heat and electricity - malleable - ductile - usually give away electrons |
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Describe the non-metals on the Periodic Table. |
Non-metals: - found on the right side of the periodic table - all gases with one liquid at room temperature - dull - do not conduct - non-malleable - non-ductile |
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Describe the metalloids on the Periodic Table. |
Metalloids: - found on the right side of the periodic table - all solids with liquid at room temperature - some properties of metals and some of non- metals |
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What is a valence electron? |
An electron on the outermost occupied orbit of an atom. |
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Why is hydrogen part of the Akaline Metals? |
Hydrogen is part of the Akaline Metals because even if it may not have any physical properties of metal, it shares chemical properties with other elements in group 1. Hydrogen also has one valence electron. |
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Describe group 1 of the Periodic Table. |
Group 1: Alkali Metals - Li, Na, K, Rb, Ce, Fr - solids - silver - good conductors - malleable and ductile - extremely reactive - low melting point - one valence electron |
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Describe group 2 of the Periodic Table. |
Group 2: Akaline Earth Metals - Be. Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra - solids - shiny - conductors - malleable and ductile - reactive - 2 valence electrons |
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Describe group 7 of the Periodic Table.
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Group 7: Halogens - F, Cl, Br, I, At - mostly gases (1 solid, 1 liquid) - dull - non-conductors - non-malleable or ductile - extremely reactive and corrosive - diatomic gases - 7 valence electrons |
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Describe group 8 of the Periodic Table. |
Group 8: Noble Gases - He, We, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn - gases - not reactive (inert) - colourless - odourless - full outer orbit |
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Name and describe the trends in the Periodic Table. |
1. The atomic number increases as you go across a period or down a group. 2. The atomic mass increases as you go across a period or down a group. 3. Reactivity - metals (closet to Fr or bottom left) - non-metals (closet to F or the top right excluding noble gases) 4. The size of atoms increase as you go down a group. But the size of atoms decrease as you go down a period. |
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What is a nucleon? |
A nucleon is protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
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What is an isotope? |
An isotope is one of two or more forms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. |
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State the atomic theory. |
- All matter is made up of small particles called atoms.
- Atoms cannot be created or destroyed, only divided into smaller particles.
- All atoms of the same element are identical in mass and size. The atoms of one element are different in mass and size from atoms of other elements.
- Compounds are created when atoms of different elements link together in definite proportions. |
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Empedocles |
Proposed matter is made up of 4 elements: water, earth, air and fire. |
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Democrites |
Proposed matter is made of tiny particles that cannot be broken down. |
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Alchemist |
Tried to turn common elements into gold. |
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Boyle |
Said elements cannot be broken down. |
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Faraday |
Showed that electricity can cause chemical reactions. |
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John Dalton |
Theory: the atomic theory
Experiments: studied many gases and liquids and their properties and their chemical change (broke down water).
Dalton's Atom: small indestructible sphere that is the smallest piece of matter.
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J.J Thomson |
Theory: there must be positive particles in the atom "raisin bun theory" dough is positive charge, raisins are the negative charges
Experiments: used cathode ray tubes and different and different gases to study the effect of applying electric currents to gases.
Thomson's Atom: a lump of positively charged materiel will scattered negative particle. |
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What do you call an atom that has the same number of protons and neutrons? |
A neutral atom |
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Ernest Rutherford |
Theory: all the of the positively charged material in an atom formed a small dense centre (nucleus), and the electrons revolved around the nucleus. Experiments: gold foil experiment - to study the structure of the atoms. Rutherford's Atom: mostly empty space with electrons revolving around the nucleus. |
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Neils Bohr |
Theory: - The electrons travel in specific paths around the nucleus called orbits. - Each orbit has a specific amount of energy. - He also stated that electrons could jump up and down energy levels by absorbing or releasing specific amounts of energy called quantum. - The farther from the nucleus, the more energy they have. - The electrons closet to the nucleus are more stable. Experiment: "flame tests", Bohr passed electricity through gases and showed they released bands of light with specific amounts of energy. Bohr's Atom: nucleus in the middle, with electrons travelling in specific paths called orbits around it. |
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Chadwick |
Chadwick stated that, there must be neutral particles that existed in the nucleus due to its mass. |
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Dimitri Mendeleev |
Dimitri Mendeleev created the period table in order to organize elements based on their physical and chemical properties. After filling in the table with certain elements, he discovered different trends in the table and blank spaces for other scientist to fill in the proper element that fit. |
