Chapter 5 Exercise Physiology

Front 1

Exercise imposes a variety of biological stresses on the body. Challenges the homeostatic regulation of blood glucose, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood volume

Back 1

How does exercise effect the body

Front 2

The physiologic stresses imposed by exercise are regulated simultaneously through a systematic communication process involving these

Back 2

Hormones

Front 3

Chemical messengers produced in one tissue that signals changes in other organs and tissues throughout the body. They interact with cell receptors

Back 3

Hormones

Front 4

The study of hormones and effects on the body

Back 4

Endocrinology

Front 5

What do hormones control?

Back 5

The regulation of macronutrient fuel stores

The "fight or flight " responses

The adaptive responses to exercise and maturation

Front 6

A branch of physiology dedicated to the systematic study of comtrol systems

Back 6

Neuroendorcinology

Front 7

Both of these systems sense information, organize a response, and then deliver the message to the proper organ or tissue

Back 7

Nervous system

Endocrine system

Front 8

How do the nervous system and endocrine system differ in their functions.

Back 8

Endorcine- releases hormones directly into the blood

Nervous- uses synaptic signals to relay messages from one nerve to the other

Front 9

How are hormones are classified

Back 9

By their chemical makeup

Front 10

Amino acid derivatives

Peptides

Proteins

Steroids

Back 10

Classes of hormones

Front 11

The effect of a hormone exerts on a tissue is proportional to the hormone concentration in the plasma and the number of active receptors it binds to

Back 11

Blood hormone concentration

Front 12

Hormone concentration is dependent on

Back 12

Hormone secretion rate from the endocrine gland

The rate of hormonal metabolism or excretion

Transport protein quantity

Changes in the plasma volume

Front 13

Control of hormone secretion

Back 13

The rate at which a hormone is secreted from an endocrine gland is dependent on the magnitude of input and whether it is stimulatory or inhibitory in nature

RELEASE of insulin in the blood is influenced by concentration changes

In facors: plasma glucose, amino acids, epinephrine, increased sympathetic and parasympathetic activity and hormone incretins

Front 14

Metabolism and excretion of hormones

Back 14

Metabolized [ inactivated]

Kidneys can metabolize a variety of hormones or excrete them in their active form

Front 15

Metabolism and excretion of hormones

exercise

Back 15

The rate at which hormones are inactivated or excreted decreases. Hormonal half life increases

Increases the elevation of the plasma level of the hormone over its secretion rate

Front 16

TRANSPORT PROTEIN

Back 16

Hormones must be free to interact with the receptor and not "bound" to the transport protein

Front 17

Capacity

Back 17

The maximal quantity of hormone that can be bound to the transport protein

Front 18

Affinity

Back 18

The chemical tendency of the transport protein to bind the hormone

Front 19

Increase in the quantity, capacity, or affinity of transport protein reduces the amount of free hormone and its effect on tissue

Back 19

Effects of transport protein

Front 20

Plasma volume

Back 20

Changes in plasma volume necessitate an inversely proportional change in the hormone concentration

Influences hormonal actions

During exercise a drop in plasma volume causes an increase in concentration of hormones in the plasma

Front 21

Hormone receptor interaction

Back 21

Receptor numbers may decrease when exposed to a chronically elevated level of a hormone resulting in a diminished hormonal response for a given concentration

Front 22

Hormone receptor interaction

Back 22

Chronic exposure to a low concentration of a hormone may lead to an increase in receptor numbers with the tissue becoming very responsive to the available hormone

Front 23

Mechanisms of hormone action

Back 23

Hormones modify cellular activity

Front 24

They alter activity of DNA in the nucleus to initiate or suppress the synthesis of a specific protein

They are the reason why special proteins in the cells are activated by " sec9nd messangers"

They aid in the alteration of membrane transport mechanisms

Back 24

Hormones

Front 25

Altering activity of DNA in the nucleus

Back 25

Steroid hormones

Second messengers

Enzymes

Front 26

They have a lipid like nature, can pass through cell membranes where they bind to a protein receptor in the cytoplasm of the cell. Enters the nucleus and binds to hormone-responsive elements on DNA. Activates gene that leads to the making of a specific messenger. The messenger carries the code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where the "specific" protein is made

Back 26

Steroid hormones

Front 27

Second messengers

Back 27

G-PROTEIN. located in the membrane of the cell. The middle man between the hormone and receptor interaction. They open an ion channel allowing calcium to enter the cell, or activate enzyme in the membrane

Front 28

Cyclic amp

Back 28

activates protein kinase A that will activate response proteins to alter cellular activity

Front 29

Phosphodiesterase

Back 29

Inactivates cyclic amp.

Caffeine can increase the effects of cyclic amp

Front 30

Phospolipase C

Back 30

Membrane bound enzyme

Front 31

Membrane transport

Back 31

After hormones bind to a membrane receptor , the carrier molecules are activated

Front 32

Hormone regulation and actions

Back 32

Pituitary gland. Located at the base of the brain. Attached to the hypothalamus

HAS TWO LOBES. ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR

Front 33

Anterior posterior lobe of pituitary gland

Back 33

True endocrine gland. Hormones release is controlled by chemicals that originate in neurons located in the hypothalamus

Front 34

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland

Back 34

Receives its hormones from special neurons in the hypothalamus

Front 35

Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

Back 35

ACTH

FSH

MSH

TSH

GH

they control the release of other hormones

Front 36

Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland.

Frank likes taking showers sothatheappears clean taĺl handsome and professional

Back 36

Follicle stimulating hormone- follicle development in females. Speed production in males

Luteinizing hormone- estrogrn and progesterone synthesis in females. Testosterone production in males

Thyroid stimulating hormone- stimulates thyroid gland, regulate metabolism

Somatotropic hormone- stimulates protein synthesis/ human growth hormone

ACTH- stimulates secretion of adrenocortisol hormone, maintains electrolyte homeostasis

PROLACTIN- CONTROLS product of milk by breasts. decreases Growth regulating hormone ( GnRH- inhibits ovulation

Front 37

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones are released from this gland.

Back 37

Hypothalamus

Front 38

Hypothalamus controls pituitary gland. Located below the thalamus of the brain and above the pituitary gland

.name the hormones.

Back 38

Growth hormone releasing hormone

Oxytocin

Somatostatin

Corticotropin releasing hormone

Front 39

This gland secretes hormones that regulates the daily rhythms of your body and affects your mood. Placed in the body at the base of the brain

Back 39

Pineal gland

Front 40

Name hormones of the pineal gland

Back 40

Melatonin

Front 41

This gland is the brain of the endocrine system and secretes hormones that regulates the functions of other endocrine glands. Located at the base of the brain

Back 41

Pituitary gland

Front 42

Name hormones of anterior pituitary gland.

Back 42

Growth hormone

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

Luteinizing hormone

Prolactin

Front 43

Name hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

Back 43

Oxytocin

Anti-diuretic hormone

Front 44

This gland produces and discharges hormones that regulates your metabolism. Located on the front of the neck. Name its hormones

Back 44

Thyroid gland

Thyroxine

Front 45

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Back 45

Controls the rate of thyroid hormone formation and secretion from the thyroid gland

anterior pituitary gland

Front 46

Adrenocornotropic hormone

Back 46

Stimulates the production and secretion of cortisol in the adrenal cortex

Front 47

Lutenizing hormone

Back 47

Stimulates the production of testosterone in testies and ovaries

Located . Anterior pituitary gland

Front 48

Growth hormone is inhibited by hypothalamus somatostatin. Where is the hormone located

Back 48

Anterior pituitary gland

Front 49

Which hormones exert a negative feedback on the continued secretion of growth hormone

Back 49

GH and IGH levels in blood

Exercise is the most potent stimulus of GHs

Front 50

This gland is A storage site for two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Back 50

Posterior pituitary gland

Front 51

Hormone stimulates smooth muscle especially during childbirth and is involved in the release of milk from the breast

Back 51

Oxytocin

Front 52

Antidiuretic hormone

Back 52

Reduces water loss from the body

Increased by high plasma osmolality- low water concentration

Front 53

Hormones establish the overall metabolic rate

Back 53

Thyroid hormones

Front 54

Hormone regulates plasma calcium and is important for normal muscle and nerve function

Negative feedback mechanism:

Found in thyroid gland

Back 54

Calcitonin

Front 55

As calcium concentration increases

, ------- increases, and blocks the release of ca+ from bone, and stimulates ca+ excretion at the kidneys to lower the plasma concentration

Back 55

Calcitonin.

Negative feedback mechanisms

Front 56

Adrenal gland has two parts

Back 56

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex

Front 57

This gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Hormones respond to strong stimuli

" fight or flight"

The hormones bind to receptors on target tissues

bind to receptors on target tissues

Back 57

Adrenal medulla

Front 58

Receptors are divided onto two major classes: alpha, and beta and

Those classes have subgroups:

Back 58

True

Adrenal medulla

Front 59

This gland secretes steroid hormones

Back 59

Adrenal cortex

Front 60

Name three categories of steroid hormones

Back 60

Mineralcorticoids-- aldosterone

Glucocorticoids-- cortisol

Sex steroids--- androgens and estrogens

Front 61

Regulates na+ reabsorption and k+secretion

Controlled by plasma k+ concentration

Back 61

Aldosterone

Front 62

When kidneys undergo a stress, their special cells secretes this hormone

Back 62

RENIN

Front 63

Angiotensinogen converts to ( l and ll)

Back 63

Renin substrate

Front 64

Hormone maintains plasma glucose during long term fasting and exercising

Blocks the entry of glucose into tissues, forcing those tissues to use more FFA as fuel

Back 64

Cortisol

Front 65

Hormone stimulates the breakdown of tissue protein to form amino acids which can be use at the site of tissue damage for repair

Back 65

ACTH

Front 66

Secreted from alpha cells

Works opposite of insulin

Secretes in response to a low plasma glucose concentration

Stimulates the release of glucose from liver stores and FFAs from adipose tissue using second messenger mechanism

Back 66

Glucagon

Front 67

Regulates insulin secretion

Back 67

Somatostatin

Front 68

Hormonal control of substrate mobilization during exercise

Back 68

Fuel substrate control is regulated by multiple mechanisms, hormonal or cellular influence

Front 69

The higher the intensity of exercise , the faster the glycogen is broken down

What initiates this?

Back 69

Second messengers which activate protein kinase in the muscle cell

Some ca+ bond to calmodulin which activates protein kinase need for glycogenolysis

Front 70

How is blood glucose maintained during exercise

Back 70

Mobilizing existing glucose from liver glycogen stores to maintain the plasma glucose level

Mobilize plasma FFA from adipose tissue to increase the use of fat as a fuel and spare plasma glucose

Synthesize new glucose in the liver from other substrates (`glucogeonesis)

Front 71

Hormones influence the number of receptors on the surface of a cell, or the affinity of the receptor for the hormone

Back 71

Thyroid hormones

T3 and t4

Front 72

Hormones mobilizes tissue protein to yield amino acids for glucose synthesis in the liver ( gluconeogenesis)

Decreases the rate of glucose utilization by cells

Primary glucocorticoid

Back 72

Cortisol

Front 73

Hormeone influences fat and carbohydrate metabolism

Supports the act of cortisol

Provides a slow acting effect

Back 73

Growth hormone

Front 74

Hormones quickly return the plasma glucose to normal

Name 2

Back 74

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 75

Plasma NE increases when the sympathetic neurons enter the blood.

Primary when a stress occurs, when a challenge is brought onto the body

I,g. High blood pressure

Back 75

True

Front 76

Trained individuals have a greater capacity to secrete epinephrine ,

During exercise when the vo2 max is met or exceeded

Back 76

True

Front 77

These Hormones account for the vast majority of glucose mobilized from the liver during moderate to vigorous exercise

Back 77

Insulin and glucagon

Front 78

After a meal, the elevated insulin levels drives the uptake and storage of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids to lower the levels in the plasma

Back 78

True

Front 79

What happens to the insulin concentration during exercise

Back 79

Decrease up to 50 percent as exercise workloads EXCEED moderate intensities

Front 80

What causes the insulin secretion to decrease and glucagon secretion to increase

Back 80

Ne and E stimulates alpha receptors on the beta cells of the pancreas to decrease insulin secretion during exercise when the plasma glucose concentration is normal

Front 81

With insulin secretion decreasing can glucose still be delivered through out the body?

Back 81

Yes. With increased blood flow to the muscle

Exercise increases the number of glucose transporters at the membranes of cells

Increase in ca+ concentrations initiate the increase in transporters

Front 82

Nervous and endocrine systems work together to regulate various functions throughout the body

Back 82

True

Front 83

Hormones alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which the hormone binds

Back 83

True

Hint 83

Front 84

Increased metabolism, or inactivation of hormones occurs at the hormone receptor in the liver

Back 84

True

Front 85

During exercise, fluid shifts out of blood into tissues, making hormone more concentrated

Back 85

Plasma volume fluid volume changes

True

Front 86

Downregulation

Back 86

Decrease in receptor number in response to chronically high concentration of hormone.

I.g insulin insensitivity

Front 87

Upregulation

Back 87

Increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormone

I.g- increased sensitivity

Front 88

Hormone directly enters the cell and binds to protein receptor in the cytoplasm

Hormone-receptor complex enters cell nucleus

Binds to DNA to activate specific gene

Gene codes for specific Protein synthesis

Back 88

Altering activity of DNA to modify protein synthesis

Front 89

Adenylate cyclase is activated

Back 89

Converts ATP to cAMP

cAMP activates protein kinase

Protein kinase initiates cellular response