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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the two struggles America faced?
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Crude, savage military conflict with Great Britain
Political struggle within Amerca, should they demand independence and how do they structure the new nation? |
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When was the battle at Yorktown?
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1781
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What happened as a result of Yorktown?
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America had established itself as a new king of nation with a special mission and enlightened ideals
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How were the colonists unprepared for war?
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Unformed nation
Population less than 1/3 of Britain Inferior economic and military resources |
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When did the second Continental Congress meet?
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1775, three weeks after Lexington and Concord
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Describe John Dickinson's followers
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Moderates, hoped for modest reofrms in the imperial relationship that would permit early reconciliation
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How did most Americans feel about the war?
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uncertain
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What was the Olive Branch Petition?
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one last conciliatory appeal to the king
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What was the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms?
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Proclaimed British government had left American people with only two alternatives, unconditional submission to tyranny or resistance by force
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Why did Americans change their minds about what they were fighting for?
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Cost of war, human and financial was so high that original reasoning was too weak to justify them
British tried to recruit Indians, African slaves, Hessians |
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What was the Prohibitory Act?
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Closed colonies to oversee trade, naval blockade of colonial ports, made no concessions to demands
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What were the results of the publication of Common Sense by Thomas Paine?
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Changed American outlook on the war, exposed the foolishness of believing in reconcilliation, turned anger of Americans from parliamentary measures to the actual English Constitution
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How did the Continental Congress support independence?
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Declared American ports open to ships of all nations except Great Britain
Entered into communication with foreign powers recommended colonies establish governments independent of British Empire Appointed committee to draft formal declaration of independence |
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When did Congress approve the Declaration?
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July 4, 1776
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Who wrote the Declaration?
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Thomas Jefferson
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What were the three parts of the Declaration?
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Philisophy of government, grievances against the king, and Adios! we're gone
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What did the Declaration lead to?
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Led to increased foreign aid for struggling rebels and repared the way for France's intervention
Encouraged American Patriots to fight on and to reject the idea of peace that didn't win independence Created divisions between American society |
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What is a Loyalist?
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Only willing to support war if they could still have loyalty to the king
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What is a Tory?
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supporter of the crown
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Why were the Articles of Confederation adopted?
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colonists needed central direction
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In what year were the Articles of Confederation adopted?
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1777
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What did the Articles of Confederation do?
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Confirmed the weak, decentralized system in operation
Continental Congress would be cief coordinating agency of war effort, powers over states limited Did not make clear whether Congress would be real government |
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What were the challenges for governments of states and the nation?
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raising and organising armies, providing army with supplies and equipment, money to pay for it all
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How did Congress raise money?
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sold long term bonds, received money from other countries
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What was the name of the currency Congress issued?
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Continental Currency
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What was the result of states printing own paper currency?
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inflation, government had to borrow from other nations
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Why did Congress create a Continental army?
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because of decentralized system and other military men were under control of the states, needed unifying force
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What difficulties did Washington have when he was commander in chief starting in 1775?
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low morale of soldiers, short rations, little pay, mutiny, little supply of manpower, continental congress always intervened with operations
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Who was most successful in holding new nation together?
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Washington
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Sipple's syndrome (aka)?
Features? |
MEN IIa: medullary thyroid carcinoma (bilateral, secretes calcitonin), pheochromocytoma (bilateral), parathyroid tumors
Autosomal dominant, associated with ret gene |
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What was the American victory a result of?
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Advantes, spirit, resourcefulness of people and army, mistakes by British in early stages of fighting, transformation of war in three phases
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In what years was the first phase of the war fought?
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1775-1776
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What was the battle where the British suffered the most amount of casualties
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Battle of Bunker Hill (Breeds hill)
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Why didn't the British want to fight in Boston?
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center of most anti-British feeling, vulnerable area
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When was Evacuation Day, the day that the British departed from Boston and fled to Halifax, Nova Scotia
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March 17, 1776
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When was the battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, where Loyalists were defeated and discouraged British plan to invade southern states?
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February 27, 1776
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Why did the American invade Canada?
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To remove British threat and get Canadians on their side (didn't work)
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How did the British realize the war wasn't just a local rebellion?
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American campaigns in Canada, agitation in the South, and evidence of colonial unity
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In what years was the second phase of the war fought?
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1776-early 1778
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Why were the British in the best position to win?
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It was a traditional, conventional war
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Who arrived with 32000 men and attempted to awe the Americans into submission?
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William Howe
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What happened on Christmas night, 1776, in Trenton
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Washington suprised the Hessians and took the town, advanced to Britain and drove British from the college
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Why did Howe launch an assault on Philadelphia?
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Discourage Loyalists, Rally Loyalists, conclude war
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Who had to carry out the dividing plan alone?
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Burgoyne
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Who replaced General Shuyler?
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Horatio Gates
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How did William Howe cause the end of the war sortof?
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abandoned northern campaign, when moved men to philly, had several opportunities to weaken Continental Army, did not press George Washington troops at Valley Forge, might have had sympathy towards colonists, alcoholism, lacked sound military judgement, mistress
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Why did the Iroquois side withe the British?
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thought siding with British would stem white movement onto lands
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Who convinced Seneca and Cayuga to back British?
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Joseph and Mary Brant
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What ushered the final phase of the war?
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Failure of British to crush Continental Army and defeat at Saratoga, support of France
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Why did King Louis XVI and Count de Vergennes give supplies to the Americans?
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wanted to see Britian lose part of empire
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When did France recognize US as a sovereign nation?
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December 2, 1778
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Who assisted the Americans
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France, Spain, Netherlands
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What did France provide?
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Most money and weapons, navy, expeditionary force
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Where and when did the final phase of the war occur?
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The South, 1778-1781 "implode revolution"
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Why did the final phase fail?
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too few loyalists, too many patriots, british an enemy in hostile surroundings
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What made the final phase "revolutionary"
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introduced new king of combat, mobilized and politicized population previously unconnected to war, support increased throughout
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Who replaced William Howe in 1778
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Sir Henry Clinton
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What did Benedict Arnold attempt to do?
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Turnover West Point to Great Britain
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Lord Cornwallis' defeat is called...
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the "end o fmajor combat operations"
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Who replaced Lord North as prime minister in Britain?
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Lord Shelburne
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France would not agree to any settlement of war with England until Spain received...
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Strait of Gibraltar
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When did Franklin, Adams, and Jay sign the preliminary treaty with Great Britain?
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November 30, 1782
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When was the Treaty of Paris signed?
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September 30, 1783
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Who were the losers of the Revolution?
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British and American Loyalists, about 100,000 of the,
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Loyalists consisted of...
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Officeholders in imperial government, Merchants, People in Isolation, Cultural and Ethnic minorities, those who believed Britain would win
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What happened to the wealthy Loyalsits?
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Fled back to England, left behind large estates, left important positions of social and economic leadership
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What was the result of wealthy Lotalists fleeing?
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new opportunities for Patriots to acquire land and influence, produced significant social changes
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What happened to Anglicans after the war?
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disestablished church, removed funding, no longer had clergymen
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Why were the Quakers unpopular?
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refusal to support war destroyed social and political prestige, church never fully recovered
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The war improved the position of what religious group?
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Roman Catholic Church
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France would not agree to any settlement of war with England until Spain received...
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Strait of Gibraltar
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When did Franklin, Adams, and Jay sign the preliminary treaty with Great Britain?
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November 30, 1782
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When was the Treaty of Paris signed?
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September 30, 1783
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Who were the losers of the Revolution?
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British and American Loyalists, about 100,000 of the,
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Loyalists consisted of...
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Officeholders in imperial government, Merchants, People in Isolation, Cultural and Ethnic minorities, those who believed Britain would win
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What happened to the wealthy Loyalsits?
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Fled back to England, left behind large estates, left important positions of social and economic leadership
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What was the result of wealthy Lotalists fleeing?
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new opportunities for Patriots to acquire land and influence, produced significant social changes
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What happened to Anglicans after the war?
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disestablished church, removed funding, no longer had clergymen
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Why were the Quakers unpopular?
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refusal to support war destroyed social and political prestige, church never fully recovered
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The war improved the position of what religious group?
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Roman Catholic Church
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How were African Americans affected by the war?
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Some received freedom, were exposed to concept of liberty
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Why weren't Georgia and South Carolina very into the war?
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slaves were major majority in both, whites feared revolution
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Why did the British and Patriots want the Native Americans to remain neutral?
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British feared native allies would be too unreliable and uncontrollable
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How did the Revolution weaken the position of the Native Americans?
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Broke down the confederacy, Patriot victory increased white demand for western lands, white attitudes turned for the worst
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What did Thomas Jefferson believe the Native Americans were?
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Noble Savages
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What happened in Lord Dunmore's War in 1774?
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Shawnee Indians get little support for uprising against whites in Kentucky, lost, had to cede more land in Virginia
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Why didn't some women sucessfully handle the revolution?
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Inexperience, inflation, unavailability of male labor, threat of enemy troops
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Why did some women leave with the men?
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choice, economic necessity, driven from home by enemies
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Who wanted new protections against abusive men?
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Abigail Adams
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Who said women's minds were as good as men's minds?
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Judith Sargent Murray
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How did American trade change?
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No longer had protection of British navy, British trips tried driving American vessels from sea, American merchants no longer had access to markets of the empire
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How did the Revolution strengthen the American economy?
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American ships learned to evade British navy with light, fast vessels, preyed on British commerce with privateers, end of imperial restirctions opened up new areas of trade to nation
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How did the British boycott help industrialize America?
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US no longer relied on other nations for cloth, could manufacture own guns and ammo, awareness that US didnt have to be dependent on other nations for many goods
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When was the Federal Constitution established?
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1789
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What was the main focus of the new government?
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Republican + equality
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Why was a "freeholder" important
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was a sturdy, independent, property owner that could make republic survive
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Why couldn't America sustain their original philosophies?
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large dependent labor force
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What two states did not make a new constititution?
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Connecticut + Rhode Island
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What were the flaws with state constitutions?
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Weak executive power, separation of powers between executive and legislature
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What were the deicions of American states for new governments?
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1. Constitutions were to be written down so no one could corrupt
2. Power of the executive was to be limited |
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How was the power of the governor limited?
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limiting power over appointments, reducing right to veto bills, preventing him from dismissing or interfering with legislature, forbade from holding a seat in the legislature
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By what year at 10 states completed their constitution?
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1776
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What was the problem with the original state governments?
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too much power in the hands of the people, constitutions needed to be revised
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What was changed about the constitution?
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Constitutional Convention, strengthening of the Executive Branch
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How was the Executive Branch strengthened when the state constitutions were revised?
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elected directly by the people, fixed salary, ability to veto legislation, expanded powers of appointment
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What was the statute of religious freedom of 1786
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only in virginia, called for complete separation of Church and State
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Why did slavery survive in the southern states?
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Racist assumptions, economic investments, inability to envision alternative, economy depended on slavery
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Why did the Confederation fail?
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1 vote per state, congress can't collect taxes, cannot regulate trade, no executive branch, no national judicial system, unaninmous needed for amendments, 9/13 majority needed to pass laws, adjectivethat describes Articles: unabalanced
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What was the Confederation's most important accomplishemnt?
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Resolution of some of the controversies involving western lands
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What did the Ordinance of 1784 do?
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Divided western territory onto 10 self governing districts, could petition for statehood
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What did the Ordinance of 1785 do?
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Created system for surveying and selling the western lands, highly favorable to land speculators, not to ordinary settlers, congress sold land to land speculator companies
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What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 do?
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3-5 territories, statehood, 600,000, prohibited slavery, grid system
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Who negotiated a treaty with the federal government with Creek?
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Alexander McGillibray
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Who was the first governor of the new Northwest Territory?
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General Arthur St. Clair
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Who was fighting in the Battle of Fallen Timbers?
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Anthony Wayne vs Little Turtle
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What happened after the war?
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buying binge, indebtedness to importing merchants grew, intensified postwar depression, shook existing social order, caused women to question place in society, spread notions of liberty and freedom
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What was the 5% tax on imported goods?
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Continental Impost
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What did Daniel Shays demand?
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Paper money, tax relief, freeze on debts, relocation of state capital from Boston to interior, abolishment of imprisonment for debt
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What was the method of dividin up land into specific pieces of property that individuals can own or control
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Cadastral System
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What goals did the Ordinance of 1785 accomplish?
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Surveyed public domain, prevented unnecessary legal action over property rights, speeded up development of western lands
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What were the problems of the Land Ordinance of 1785?
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Dispered form of settlement, led people to arrange fields according to rigid north, east west alignment regardless of topography
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Why was there dissatisfaction with the Confederation?
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inability to deal with instability, failure to handle economic problems, powerlessness it had displayed with Shays Rebellion, stronger executive could not draft troops, could not tax
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What were the benefits of centralization?
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efficiency, unity, paying back debt
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What did the constitution do?
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defined the terms in which debate over the future of government would continue
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Why was the Confederation Congress fragile?
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its members were scruyying from city to city
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What was the Society of Cincinnati?
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Formed by Revolutionary army officers, wanted to influence national government, some wanted military dictatorship, Newburgh Conspiracy
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What did the merchants and shippers want?
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wanted to replace 13 different state commercial policies with single national one
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What did land speculators want?
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wanted the "Indian menace" removed from their western land
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What did people who were owed money want?
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wanted states to stop issuing paper money
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What did the investors of Confederation securities want?
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Wanted government to fund debt which would enhance value of their securities
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What did large property owners want?
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were looking for protection from threats of mobs
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What was the weakest point of the government?
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lack of power to tax
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Who first called for a national convention to overhaul entire government?
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Alexander Hamilton
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Who persuaded Virginia legislature to convene at an interstate conference on commercial questions?
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James Madison
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What state did not convene at the Philadelphia state house?
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Rhode Island
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Who proposed three branches of government?
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Edmund Randolph
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What were the main characteristics of Edmund's Virginia Plan (Madison's plan)
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big states plan, "national" government, states give up some powers, bicameral legislature, lower house would be represented in proportion to population, members of upper house elected by lower house
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Who proposed the New Jersey Plan?
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Patterson
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What were the main characteristics of the New Jersey Plan
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small states plan, keep power for individual states, federal government, one house legislature, each state had equal representation, supported by small states
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What was the "grand committee"
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single delegate from each state to resolve disagreements, produced "The Great Compromise"
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What did the Great Compromise consist of?
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Resolved problem of representation, 3/5 compromise, states would be represented in lower house on basis of population, in upper house states should be represented equally with two members apiece
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When did the convention vote to accept the compromise?
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July 16, 1787
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What were some rules adopted along with the compromise?
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cant tax exports, forbidden to impose slave duty, no authority to stop slave trade
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What was absent from the Great compromise?
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List of individual rights
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What was James Madison's most important achievement?
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Helping resolve questions that were obstacles to creation of national government
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What did the federal government now have the power to do?
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Tax, regulate commerce, control currency, pass laws
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What was the constitution's most disinctive feature?
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Separation of powers, checks and balances
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When was the Constritution signed?
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September 17, 1787
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What advantages did the supports of the constitution have?
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better organized, support of Franklin and Washington, seized appealing label of "federalist", had support of political philosophers
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Who wrote the Federalist Papers?
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Hamilton, Madison, Jay, or Publius
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What were the arguments of the antifederalists?
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defenders of true principles of revolution, any government with centralized authority would produce tyranny
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Why did Antifederalists oppose the constitution and the Federalist support it?
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It placed obstacles between the people and the exercise of power
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What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 provide?
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Supreme court of 6 members, 13 district courts, 3 circuit courts of appeal, 3 executive departments, state, treasury, war
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What man were the Federalists supported by?
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Alexander Hamilton
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What man were the Republicans supported by?
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James Madison and Thomas Jefferson
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Why did Hamilton want to create the national bank?
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Provide loans and currency, give government safe place to deposit funds, help collect taxes, keep up price of government bonds
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Why were the Federalists successful?
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Their name was nice, proposed taxes, settled the west
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Where was the capital moved to?
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Washington D.C.
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What were Hamilton's intended effects of the passage of the bank bill and the tax on distillers?
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Bonders of the US selling above par value, manufacturers profited from tariffs, merchants in seaport benefited from new banking system
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How did Federalists gain support?
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By dealing with two problems, stabilization of western lands and strengthening America's international position
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What happened during the Whiskey Rebellion?
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farmers in pennyslvania raised challenge to federal authority, refused to pay whiskey excise tax and terrorized tax collectors, basically just for stopping tax
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What was Jay's treaty?
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settled conflict with Britain, produced satisfactory commercial relationship with Britain, although strongly opposed, still ratified in the senate
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What was Pickney's Treaty of 1795?
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recognized right of Americans to navigate mississippi, allowed depositing of goods in New Orleans for reloading on ships, fixed northern boundary of Florida where America thought it should be, Required Spanish authorities to prevent Indians in Florida from launching raids across the border
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What caused the downfall of the Federalists?
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chose preserving stability instead of respecting individual liberties
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In George Washington's farewell address, what does he reference?
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the danger of the Republicns who had been conspiring with French to frustrate federalist diplomatic program
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What started a two year undeclared war with France?
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XYZ Affair
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What was the Alien Act
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placed obstacles in the way of foreigners who wanted to be US citizens, stregthened presidents hand in dealing with Aliens, discouraged immigration and encouraged some foreigners to leave the country
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What was the Sedition act
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Allowed government to persecute those who engaged in treason against the government, law made possible to stigle any opposition, Federalists used to arrest and conflcit 10 republican newspaper editors
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Why were the alien and sedition acts introduced?
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To silence republican opposition
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What was the Tammany Society?
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organization of Revolutionary War veterans, served as a Republican political machine
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What was the Judiciary Act of 1801?
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Federalists reduced number of Supreme Court justiceships by one but incerased number of federal judgeships as a whole, became known as "midnight appointments"
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