Chapter 49 Nervous System

Front 1

functions of the nervous system

Back 1

- control
- coordination
- supporting cells

Front 2

central nervous system (CNS) consists of:

Back 2

- brain
- spinal cord

Front 3

peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of:

Back 3

- cranial nerves: group of axons in the head.
- ganglia: cell body
- spinal nerves: group of axons in the spine.

Front 4

structure and function of a hollow nerve cord

Back 4

- characteristic of a chordate.
- neural crest houses the neural tube.
- leads to the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of brain.
- filled with cerebrospinal fluid to filter blood and wastes, and carry nutrients and hormones.

Front 5

anatomy of CNS

Back 5

- gray matter: cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons. more integration.
- white matter: bundled axons with myelin sheaths. more transmission.
- location: in the brain and spinal cord.

Front 6

structural cells of the CNS

Back 6

-oligodendrocytes: similar to the schwann cells of the PNS. insulate with myelin.
- astrocytes: structural support. regulate ions and neurotransmitters.

Front 7

protection of the CNS

Back 7

- bone: skull and vertebrae
- connective tissue layers: meninges are three layered and fill with cerebrospinal fluid to cushion.

Front 8

integration

Back 8

- MAIN function of the CNS
- simple integration: reflexes and the spinal cord.
- complex integration: brain

Front 9

parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the PNS

Back 9

- parasympathetic: calming
- sympathetic: fight or flight

Front 10

regions of the brain (4)

Back 10

- brainstem
- cerebellum
- diencephalon
- cerebrum

Front 11

brainstem

Back 11

- consists of: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
- functions: transfer information between PNS, midbrain, and forebrain, homeostasis, movement, control of arousal and sleep.

Front 12

cerebellum

Back 12

- part of the hindbrain
- functions: coordinates movements and balance, learning and remembering motor skills.

Front 13

diencephalon

Back 13

- hypothalamus: homeostasis, hormone release, biological clock, fight or flight, sexual behaviors, pleasure.
- thalamus: relay center for sensory input going to the cerebrum, regulation of emotion.
- pineal gland: secretes melatonin.

Front 14

cerebrum

Back 14

- two cerebral hemispheres
- corpus callosum: strip of axons that connects the two hemispheres.

Front 15

cerebral cortex of the brain

Back 15

- controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions.
- motor cortex
- somatosensory cortex

Front 16

lateralization of the brain

Back 16

- right side: dominant in recognition of faces and patterns, spatial relations, nonverbal thinking.
- left side: dominant in math, language and logical operations.

Front 17

memory

Back 17

- involve changes in synaptic connections.
- neural plasticity: remodeling and refinement of the nervous system in response to it's own activity.
- use it or lose it.