Chapter 30 (Exam 2)

Front 1

Seed plants originated _____________

Back 1

about 360 million years ago

Front 2

Key adaptations of seed plants

Back 2

seeds, pollen grains, reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, pollen

Front 3

Megasporangia

Back 3

produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

Front 4

Microsporangia

Back 4

produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

Front 5

an ________ consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments (layers)

Back 5

ovule

Front 6

Microspores develop into ____________ , which contain the male gametophytes

Back 6

pollen grains

Front 7

Pollination

Back 7

the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

Front 8

The Evolutionary Advantages of Seeds

Back 8

- they may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable fo rgermination

- seeds have a supply of stored food

-they may be transported long distances by wind or animals

Front 9

When did gymnosperms first appear in fossil record?

Back 9

about 305 million years ago

Front 10

What made gymnosperms so successful?

Back 10

they were better suited than nonvascular plants to drier conditions

Front 11

________ now dominate more terrestrial ecosystems

Back 11

angiosperms

Front 12

Today, cone-bearing gymnosperms called ________ dominate in the northern latitudes

Back 12

conifers

Front 13

Gymnospore seeds are exposed on _______ that form cones

Back 13

sporophylls

Front 14

what are the four phyla of gymnosperms?

Back 14

- Cycadophyta

- Gingkophyta

- Gnetophyta

- Coniferophyta

Front 15

Characteristics of Pylum Cycadophyta

Back 15

individuals have large cones and palmlike leaves (thrived during the Mesozoic, but relatively few species exist today)

Front 16

Characteristics of Phylum Ginkgophyta

Back 16

has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree (only living species Ginkgo biloba)

Front 17

Characteristics of Phylum Gnetophyta

Back 17

species vary in appearance, and some are tropical whereas others live in deserts

Front 18

Characteristics of Phylum Coniferophyta

Back 18

most are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round (the largest of the gymnosperm phyla)

Front 19

What are the three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle?

Back 19

1. Dominance of the sporophyte generation

2. Developement of seeds from fertilized ovules

3. The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen

Front 20

Pine Life Cycle

Back 20

-it is sporophyte and produces sporangia in male and female cones.

- the small cones produce microspores called pollen grains, aech containing a male gametophyte

- the larger cones contain ovules, which produce megaspores that develop into female gametophytes

- it takes about three years from cone production to mature seed

Front 21

________ are seedless plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits. (also the most widespread and diverse of all plants)

Back 21

Angiosperms

Front 22

What did Darwin call the origin of angiosperms?

Back 22

"abominable mystery"

Front 23

Angiosperms originated ____________

Back 23

at least 140 million years ago

Front 24

What phylum are angiosperms classified into

Back 24

Anthophyta

Front 25

Angiosperms key adaptations

Back 25

1. Flowers

2. Fruits

Front 26

Flowers (S and F)

Back 26

S: specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves

F: sexual reproduction

Front 27

Flower Structure

Back 27

Front 28

What does the stamen consist of?

Back 28

- stalk called a filament

- sac called an anther (where pollen is produced)

Front 29

What does the carpel consist of?

Back 29

- ovary at the base

- style leading up to a stigma (where pollen is received)

Front 30

Fruits (S and F)

Back 30

S: typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts

F: protect seeds and aid in their dispersal

Front 31

mature fruits can be either _____ or _______

Back 31

fleshy; dry

Front 32

What fruit adaptations help disperse seeds?

Back 32

- wings

- barbs

- berries/edible

Front 33

Seeds can be carried by _______ , _________, or _______ to new locations

Back 33

wind; water; animals

Front 34

Angiosperm Life Cycle

Back 34

1. a pollen grain lands on a stigma

2. it germinates and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down to the ovary

3. the ovule is entered by a pore called the micropyle

4. double fertilization occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule

5. one sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food storing endosperm

6. the triploid endosperm nourishes the the developing embryo

7. within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves called cotyledons

Front 35

How are angiosperms classified?

Back 35

Single Phylum: Anthophyta

- Genus: Amborella

- Water Lillies

- Star Anise

- Magnaloids

- Monocots

- Eudicots

Front 36

Basal Angiosperms

Back 36

- Amborella trichopedia

- water lillies

- star anise

Front 37

Magnoliids include _________ , _________ , and ______________

Back 37

magnolias; laurels; black pepper plants

Front 38

Magnoliids are more closely related to ________ and _______ than basal angiosperm

Back 38

monocots; eudicots

Front 39

More than one-quarter of angiosperm species are ____________

Back 39

monocots

Front 40

More than two-thirds of angiosperm species are ________

Back 40

eudicots

Front 41

Monocot and Eudicot Characteristics

Back 41

Front 42

What does co-evolution refer to?

Back 42

animals influence the evolution of plants and vice versa

Front 43

No group of plants is more important to human survival than ___________

Back 43

seed plants

Front 44

Plants are key sources of _______, _______, _______, and _________

Back 44

food; fuel; wood products; medicine

Front 45

Which 6 human food crops yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans?

Back 45

wheat, rice, maize (corn), potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes

Front 46

Many seed plants provide ______

Back 46

wood

Front 47

Secondary compounds of seed plants are used in _________

Back 47

medicines

Front 48

_____________ is causing extinction of many plant species

Back 48

Destruction of habitat

Front 49

Loss of plant habitat is often accompanied by loss of the _________ that plants support

Back 49

animal species

Front 50

Derived Traits of Seed Plants

Back 50

Front 51

Cross-pollination

Back 51

The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ (an anther or a male cone) of one plant to the female reproductive organ (a stigma or a female cone) of another plant.

Front 52

Micropyle

Back 52

a small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed.

Front 53

Double Fertilization

Back 53

a complex fertilizationmechanism of flowering plants (angiosperms). This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm).

Front 54

Endosperm

Back 54

the part of a seed that acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo, usually containing starch with protein and other nutrients.

Front 55

Cotyledons

Back 55

an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed.

Front 56

Reproductive Shoot Diagram

Back 56