Chapter 3 Soc 250

Front 1

Define anonymity

Back 1

Researcher is unable to identify subject

Front 2

Four Main Constraints on Research Projects

Back 2

- Scientific
- Administrative
- Ethical
- Political

Front 3

The ethical issue of voluntary participation is most closely related to which one of the following?

Back 3

informed consent

Front 4

Josephine is a student at Consolidated Community College and is planning to do a study on how eating disorders affect academic performance. Who must review her research before it can be done?

Back 4

the Institutional Review Board

Front 5

The main reasons that codes of ethics exist are that:

Back 5

ethical issues are both important and ambiguous.

Front 6

What is the main concern of ethics?

Back 6

Methods

Front 7

What is the main concern of politics of social research?

Back 7

Substance and use of research

Front 8

The only partial exception to the lack of political norms is the generally accepted view that:

Back 8

a researcher's personal political orientation should not interfere with or influence the research.

Front 9

The norm of voluntary participation most threatens which aspect of the research process?

Back 9

generalizability

Front 10

Debbie did an experiment and was particularly concerned that her subjects base their voluntary participation on a full understanding of the possible risks involved. This is an example of:

Back 10

informed consent.

Front 11

Bernetta did a study in which she, the researcher, could not identify a given response with a given respondent. She employed:

Back 11

anonymity

Front 12

Cameroon did a study in which he could identify a given person's responses but promised not to do so publicly. He employed:

Back 12

confidentiality

Front 13

Lying is particularly common in which research design?

Back 13

laboratory experiments

Front 14

Debriefing is particularly helpful in responding to which ethical issue?

Back 14

deception

Front 15

T/F: Researchers should tell readers about the shortcomings of the experiment

Back 15

True

Front 16

If a research study was not rigorously preplanned and organized, it is best to:

Back 16

report on the exact design used.

Front 17

Who serves on Institutional Review Boards?

Back 17

faculty members

Front 18

Professional associations have developed codes of ethics because:

Back 18

ethical issues are important and ambiguous.

Front 19

The main ethical issue in Laud Humphrey's study of homosexuals was:

Back 19

deception

Front 20

The main ethical issue in Stanley Milgram's study on obedience (electric shocks) was:

Back 20

no harm to participants.

Front 21

Social research and politics have been particularly controversially intertwined in what area?

Back 21

Racial relations.

Front 22

T/F: Science is not untouched by politics.

Back 22

true

Front 23

Serving as an expert witness carries more political or ethical concerns?

Back 23

Political Concerns

Front 24

T/F: The ethics of social research deals mostly with the methods employed while political issues tend to center on the substance and use of research.

Back 24

True

Front 25

t/f: There are formal codes of acceptable conduct for both the ethical and political aspects of social research.

Back 25

False

Front 26

t/f: When Milgram asked research subjects to administer "shocks" to "pupils" who were confederates of the researcher, the subjects generally refused to continue administering shocks.

Back 26

False

Front 27

t/f: If you have anonymity you have confidentiality, but if you have confidentiality you do not necessarily have anonymity.

Back 27

True

Front 28

t/f: The fact that people in social research often reveal personal information about themselves to researchers, who are strangers, is most closely related to the ethical principle of voluntary participation.

Back 28

true

Front 29

t/f: Debriefing is done before the experiment so that participants know more what to expect.

Back 29

false

Front 30

t/f: Institutional Review Boards exist at the federal level to insure compliance with federal codes of ethics.

Back 30

false

Front 31

t/f Ethical considerations are almost always apparent to us.

Back 31

false

Front 32

t/f Negative findings are less important than positive findings and should not be reported.

Back 32

false

Front 33

t/f Nowhere have social research and politics been more controversially intertwined than in the area of racial relations.

Back 33

true

Front 34

Interviews conducted after an experiment to uncover any problems generated by the research experience are known as:

Back 34

debriefing

Front 35

______ exists when the researcher cannot identify a given response with a given respondent.

Back 35

anonymity

Front 36

__________ exists when the researcher is able to identify a given person's responses but promises not to do so publicly

Back 36

confidentiality

Front 37

Published formal guidelines for conducting social research are known as:

Back 37

codes of ethics

Front 38

______ relates to the scientific norm of objectivity

Back 38

value-free sociology

Front 39

Roberto wanted to examine the impact of newly enacted seat belt laws. He did so by comparing deaths due to car crashes before and after implementation of the laws. He did this in multiple states and compared the changes in deaths with states that did not implement seat belt laws in order to more clearly understand the impact of the new laws. Which design did he use?

Back 39

a multiple time-series design

Front 40

Rudyard examined the impact of a special orientation session for first-year students on students' retention in college. He experienced many problems with getting students to arrive on campus before the term began, with getting students into appropriate groups, and with getting the research instruments distributed and returned. Which of the following did he experience?

Back 40

logistical problems

Front 41

Sergio set up an evaluation study at a private high school to examine the impact of wearing uniforms on delinquent behavior. Midway through the study, various administrators interfered with the assignment of students to the group that wore uniforms as well as with the data gathering for the measurement of delinquent behavior. Which of the following did he experience?

Back 41

administrative control

Front 42

Melissa wanted to compare the states on various aggregated statistics that reflect the social conditions in those states so that she could make regional comparisons. She should use:

Back 42

social indicators research.

Front 43

Taos developed a series of mathematical equations describing the relationships that link social variables to one another and used his computer to examine what happened when he changed the values on one of the variables at a time. He was using:

Back 43

computer simulation.

Front 44

Evaluation research is also called:

Back 44

program evaluation

Front 45

The goal in evaluation research is to evaluate the impact of social interventions. The major problem in this venture is:

Back 45

developing adequate measures.

Front 46

The growth of evaluation research is largely due to:

Back 46

social researchers' desire to make a difference and federal requirements and support.

Front 47

Tommy implemented a change in the method of reading instruction in his third grade classroom in order to improve students' performance on state assessment tests. The change in method of reading instruction is a/an:

Back 47

social intervention

Front 48

Tommy implemented a change in the method of reading instruction in his third grade classroom in order to improve students' performance on state assessment tests. The change in students' performance on state assessment tests is a/an:

Back 48

response variable.

Front 49

The goal of applied research is to:

Back 49

have some real-world effect.

Front 50

Nimby did an evaluation research study of the impact of after-school programs within schools on the delinquency rates of pre-teens. As part of his study, he examined the changes in availability of after-school programs outside of schools as well as changes in enforcement of delinquency laws. This analysis of factors outside his specific evaluation research design is known as:

Back 50

measuring experimental contexts.

Front 51

Nimby did an evaluation research study of the impact of after-school programs within schools on the delinquency rates of pre-teens. He was careful to identify what he meant by after-school programs. As part of his study, he examined the changes in availability of after-school programs outside of schools as well as changes in enforcement of delinquency laws. His careful attention to identifying what he meant by after-school programs reflects:

Back 51

specifying the intervention.

Front 52

Nimby did an evaluation research study of the impact of after-school programs within schools on the delinquency rates of pre-teens. He was careful to identify what he meant by after-school programs. He was also careful to identify the children for whom the program was appropriate. Specifying for whom the program is appropriate is known as:

Back 52

specifying the population.

Front 53

specifying the population.

Back 53

cost-benefit analysis.

Front 54

What differentiates quasi-experimental designs from true experimental designs?

Back 54

Lack of random assignment of subjects to an experimental and a control group.

Front 55

Theresa studied the impact of a publicity campaign on the number of women who visited a women's shelter. The goal of the publicity campaign was to increase usage of the center. For comparison purposes, Theresa measured the change in usage over the same time period at a women's shelter in a town of a similar size some distance away, where a publicity campaign was not used. What design did she use?

Back 55

nonequivalent control group

Front 56

What are three reasons why one would avoid implementing evaluation research results?

Back 56

1. The implications may not be presented in a way that nonresearchers can understand.
2. Evaluation results may contradict deeply held beliefs.
3. Vested interests.

Front 57

Jacinda studied the impact of selling Girl Scouts cookies on the troops' morale. She randomly assigned six troops to sell the cookies and six troops to not sell the cookies. She measured troop morale before it was time to sell cookies as well as a month after. Which design did she use?

Back 57

experimental

Front 58

Jake examined the impact of a new street lighting program on crime in six neighborhoods. He measured crime rates at one-month intervals for six months before the new street lights were erected and for six months after. Which design did he use?

Back 58

time series

Front 59

t/f: Multiple-time series designs differ from time-series designs in that multiple time-series designs take more measures over a longer time period for one group.

Back 59

false

Front 60

t/f The results of evaluation research studies are generally promptly put into practice.

Back 60

false

Front 61

t/f: Another term for the outcome in evaluation research is the response variable.

Back 61

true

Front 62

t/f Cost-benefit analysis comes into play in the decision to use new versus existing measures.

Back 62

false

Front 63

t/f Quasi-experiments are distinguished from "true" experiments primarily by the number of subjects involved.

Back 63

false

Front 64

t/f Nonequivalent control group designs are used when there is no stimulus in the experiment.

Back 64

false

Front 65

t/f Applied research is a form of evaluation research.

Back 65

false

Front 66

t/f Evaluation research refers to a research purpose rather than a specific method.

Back 66

true

Front 67

t/f Social indicators research uses aggregated statistics that reflect the social condition of a society or social subgroup.

Back 67

true

Front 68

t/f Creating measurements specifically for a study can offer greater relevance and validity than using existing measures would.

Back 68

true

Front 69

__________ employs mathematical equations describing the relationships that link social variables to one another to simulate what will happen to some variables as others change

Back 69

computer simulation

Front 70

_________ is analysis performed in evaluation research that asks: how much does the program cost in relation to what it returns in benefits

Back 70

cost-benefit analysis

Front 71

___________ employ multiple studies that involve measurements taken over time in order to assess the impact of a program or intervention.

Back 71

Multiple time-series designs

Front 72

Studies that provide a steady flow of information about something of interest are known as ______________

Back 72

Monitoring studies

Front 73

_________is the process of determining whether a social intervention has produced the intended result

Back 73

evaluation research

Front 74

Field observation differs from some other models of observation in that it's a different type of data-collecting activity and also a/an:

Back 74

theory-generating activity.

Front 75

"Going native" is associated with:

Back 75

playing the complete participant role.

Front 76

Ethnography is something used in the naturalism tradition in the same way that breaking the rules is something used in:

Back 76

ethnomethodology.

Front 77

ethnomethodology.

Back 77

grounded theory

Front 78

Hans wanted to rebuild or improve the theory on adjustment to retirement. In his research, he gave particular attention to all the ways in which observations conflict with theories, based on a sound knowledge of the literature in this area. Which approach did he use?

Back 78

the extended case method

Front 79

Which approach was originally developed by Dorothy Smith to better understand women's everyday experiences by discovering the power relations that shape those experiences?

Back 79

institutional ethnography

Front 80

Matilda wanted to bring about a dozen first-time users of personal digital assistants to a room where they could engage in a guided discussion of the topic. She should use:

Back 80

focus groups.

Front 81

Attitudes and behaviors best understood in their natural settings: appropriate for field research?

Back 81

yes

Front 82

Social processes over time: appropriate for field research?

Back 82

yes

Front 83

Events taking place within a relatively limited area and time: appropriate for field research?

Back 83

yes

Front 84

The effect of watching a video in a laboratory on prejudice: appropriate for field research?

Back 84

no

Front 85

Xavier studied the social interactions within the basketball team at her school. Which one of the following did she study?

Back 85

groups

Front 86

Zeke studied friendship patterns among pairs of women and pairs of men. Which one of the following did he study?

Back 86

relationships

Front 87

Ethical issues involving deception pertain particularly to which role?

Back 87

Ethical issues involving deception pertain particularly to:

Front 88

John studied underground miners by becoming a miner. He became increasingly concerned about his role, how he might affect what he studied, and how much he should become involved in the lives of the miners. He gave these issues a lot of thought, particularly regarding their impact on the study. This sense of things acting on themselves is known as:

Back 88

reflexivity

Front 89

The paradigm that is based on the assumption that social reality is "out there," ready to be observed and reported by the researcher as it "really is" is known as:

Back 89

naturalism

Front 90

Lorenzo did a study of delinquents in high school and wanted to understand delinquents as they make sense of their social worlds. He was particularly interested in the taken for granted expectations that the delinquents followed. Lorenzo was using which paradigm?

Back 90

ethnomethodology

Front 91

Sadie studied one family over several months to describe the social dynamics in the family. Which paradigm did she use?

Back 91

case study

Front 92

Piet studied the homeless in his community and began to serve as a resource to them by providing contacts for social services. The homeless people he studied defined their problems, defined the remedies desired, and helped design the research that will help them realize their goals. Which paradigm did Piet use?

Back 92

participatory action research

Front 93

The most appropriate first step in field research is to:

Back 93

search the relevant literature.

Front 94

search the relevant literature.

Back 94

conversation

Front 95

Focus groups are typically used in:

Back 95

marketing research.

Front 96

Take notes as you observe: good advice for recording observations?

Back 96

yes

Front 97

Avoid rewriting your notes: good advice for recording observations?

Back 97

no

Front 98

Include both your empirical observations and your interpretations: good advice for recording observations?

Back 98

yes

Front 99

Don't trust your memory: good advice for recording observations?

Back 99

yes

Front 100

t/f: Field research is well suited to the study of social processes over time.

Back 100

true

Front 101

t/f:The complete participant role carries more ethical dilemmas than does the complete observer role in field research.

Back 101

true

Front 102

t/f: Playing the complete participant role in field research has the advantage that you will not affect what you are studying.

Back 102

false

Front 103

t/f: There are specific methods attached to each of the paradigms reviewed in the chapter.

Back 103

false

Front 104

t/f: Grounded theory is more positivist than ethnographies.

Back 104

true

Front 105

t/f: Field research provides measures with lesser validity than do survey and experimental measurements.

Back 105

false

Front 106

t/f Field research provides measures with greater reliability than do survey and experimental measurements.

Back 106

false

Front 107

t/f Deception in the complete participant role is done in the belief that the data will be more valid and reliable.

Back 107

true

Front 108

t/f: The case study method best links the microlevel of everyday personal experiences with the macrolevel of institutions.

Back 108

false

Front 109

t/f It is best to be wary about the information you get from informants.

Back 109

true

Front 110

__________is the term used to distinguish this type of observation method from methods designed to produce data appropriate for quantitative analysis.

Back 110

Qualitative field research

Front 111

_______ refers to the need for social researchers to treat the beliefs they study as worthy of respect rather than as objects of ridicule

Back 111

symbolic realism

Front 112

_______refers to the process by which field researchers act on themselves by thinking about how their characteristics can affect what they see and how they interpret it

Back 112

reflexivity

Front 113

A ___________is an interaction between an interviewer and a respondent in which the interviewer has a general plan of inquiry but not a specific set of questions

Back 113

qualitative interview

Front 114

____________ is a study in the naturalism tradition that focuses on detailed and accurate description rather than explanation

Back 114

ethnography

Front 115

Which design addresses the problem of testing interaction with the stimulus?

Back 115

Solomon 4-group design

Front 116

Kenny performed an experiment on the effects of after-school educational activities on students' academic performance. His experimental group involved after-school educational activities and his control group involved after-school non-educational activities. The children in the control group felt left out and gave up on the experiment. Which source of internal invalidity is reflected?

Back 116

demoralization

Front 117

Izzie performed a study in which she introduced a stimulus-longer coffee breaks-and then measured how often employees left early-the dependent variable. No pretests were done. Which design did she use?

Back 117

one-shot case study

Front 118

The posttest-only control group most closely represents which preexperimental design?

Back 118

static-group comparison design

Front 119

Igor wanted to do an experiment testing the effects of a new classroom strategy for teaching reading on the reading skills of elementary school students. He used random assignment and wanted to make sure that neither the subjects nor the experimenters knew which was the experimental group and which was the control group. Best to use would be the:

Back 119

double-blind design.

Front 120

Lee selected people with only the highest self-esteem scores for her experiment on the effects of divorce on self-esteem. She should be particularly alert to which potential source of internal invalidity?

Back 120

statistical regression

Front 121

The easiest of the true experimental designs to conduct is the:

Back 121

posttest-only control group design.

Front 122

The classical experiment includes what three sets of things?

Back 122

independent/dependent variable
pretesting/posttesting
experimental/control group

Front 123

Sammy did an experiment on children in a classroom. He measured their social anxiety on Monday, randomly assigned half of them to be taught yoga on Wednesday, and measured their social anxiety again on Friday. Measuring the children's social anxiety on Monday is the:

Back 123

pretest

Front 124

Sammy did an experiment on children in a classroom. He measured their social anxiety on Monday, randomly assigned half of them to be taught yoga on Wednesday, and measured their social anxiety again on Friday. Teaching half of the children yoga on Wednesday is the:

Back 124

independent variable.

Front 125

Sammy did an experiment on children in a classroom. He measured their social anxiety on Monday, randomly assigned half of them to be taught yoga on Wednesday, and measured their social anxiety again on Friday. The half of the children who were not taught yoga are known as the:

Back 125

control group.

Front 126

Manuello did an experiment on workers in an insurance company to examine the effect of a new computer system on workers' attitudes and productivity. He had no control group. He noticed that as he simplified the computer system, worker productivity and positive attitude went up. He then complicated the computer system and monitored the workers closely, only to discover that their productivity and positive attitude again increased. What was probably at work?

Back 126

The Hawthorne effect.

Front 127

Cornelia used the student directory at her school to select a random sample of 100 students for her laboratory experiment on decision making. She then used a quota matrix containing the variables she felt would most likely influence decision making, and assigned people within each matrix cell alternately to the experimental and control groups. What method of selecting subjects was used?

Back 127

probability sampling

Front 128

Cornelia used the student directory at her school to select a random sample of 100 students for her laboratory experiment on decision making. She then used a quota matrix containing the variables she felt would most likely influence decision making, and assigned people within each matrix cell alternately to the experimental and control groups. What method of assigning subjects to the experimental and control groups was used?

Back 128

matching

Front 129

Ryan wanted to see the effect of a man playing with preschoolers on the children's noisiness. So, he went to one preschool for a week and played with the children during breaks. At the end of the week, he measured their noisiness. For comparison purposes, he found another preschool across town and measured their noisiness as well to see the effect of playing with the children. Which design does this example reflect?

Back 129

static-group comparison

Front 130

Latona did an experiment at a military barracks over the space of a few months to examine the effect of group size on group morale. He randomly assigned soldiers to the experimental and control groups and did a prettest and posttest. Midway through the experiment, there was an incident in a nearby city involving some soldiers in which the soldiers were visibly mistreated by the community, which affected the morale of both the experimental and control groups. Which source of internal invalidity does this example reflect?

Back 130

history

Front 131

Latona did an experiment at a military barracks over the space of a few months to examine the effect of group size on group morale. He randomly assigned soldiers to the experimental and control groups and did a prettest and posttest. Given the time involved, some of the soldiers in the experimental group began talking with some of the soldiers in the control group and told them about the stimulus. Which source of internal invalidity does this example reflect?

Back 131

diffusion or imitation of treatments

Front 132

"Natural" experiments refers to experiments which:

Back 132

occur naturally without the experimenter's intervention.

Front 133

Misty did an experiment in which half of her subjects were told that they had extrasensory perception and half were not. In reality, there was no difference. Interestingly, at the end of the three-month experiment, those subjects who were told that they had extrasensory perception actually outscored the control group on the ability to accurately describe video scenes with the sound turned off. This example reflects:

Back 133

the Pygmalion effect.

Front 134

The Hawthorne effect most clearly demonstrates the need for:

Back 134

a control group.

Front 135

t/f Testing refers to how the process of testing and retesting influences people's behavior, and instrumentation refers to issues of conceptualization and measurement.

Back 135

true

Front 136

t//f Generally, randomization is preferred over matching as a way to assign subjects to the experimental and control groups.

Back 136

true

Front 137

t/f Maturation refers to things happening outside the individual subjects in an experiment and history refers to how subjects change during an experiment.

Back 137

false

Front 138

t/f The greatest weakness of laboratory experiments lies in their artificiality.

Back 138

true

Front 139

t/f The greatest strength of laboratory experiments lies in the ability to examine numerous variables simultaneously.

Back 139

false

Front 140

t/f Probability sampling is seldom used in experiments to select subjects.

Back 140

true

Front 141

t/f The only preexperimental design to include a comparison group is the static-group comparison design.

Back 141

true

Front 142

t/f Experiments are especially well suited to research projects involving relatively limited and well-defined concepts and propositions.

Back 142

true

Front 143

t/f Experiments are especially well suited to research projects involving relatively limited and well-defined concepts and propositions.

Back 143

true

Front 144

t/f Experimental mortality refers to the drop-out rate among participants in an experiment.

Back 144

true

Front 145

____________ involves measuring subjects on a dependent variable before exposing them to a stimulus representing an independent variable

Back 145

Pretesting

Front 146

__________ is a way to achieve comparability between the experimental and control groups by assigning the same numbers of people to the two groups after placing them in categories of interest

Back 146

Matching

Front 147

___________ is a source of internal invalidity in which repeatedly giving subjects our measure of a dependent variable may itself cause variations in the measurement

Back 147

testing

Front 148

A source of internal invalidity in which the process of measurement in pretesting and posttesting raises issues regarding conceptualization and operationalization is known as _____________

Back 148

instrumentation

Front 149

____________ is a source of internal invalidity caused by subjects dropping out of an experiment before it is completed

Back 149

experimental mortality

Front 150

Juan wanted to be particularly careful to represent all levels of feelings about how ethical members of Congress are. So, instead of just asking how much respondents agreed with a statement that "Members of Congress are ethical," he instead asked for responses ranging from "Members are completely unethical" to "Members are always very ethical." Juan was responding to which operationalization choice?

Back 150

range of variation

Front 151

Which method for establishing reliability does not depend on using the measure itself?

Back 151

research worker reliability

Front 152

Ignatius wanted to be sure he covered the full range of meanings in his measurement of happiness among college students. Given this, he was particularly concerned with:

Back 152

content validity.

Front 153

Lucinda established the validity of her religiosity measure by making sure it corresponded with our common agreements and our individual mental images concerning her concept. She did this by checking with other people, particularly those familiar with religious issues. Which measure of validity did she use?

Back 153

face validity

Front 154

Nominal definitions most closely parallel which type of validity measure?

Back 154

face validity

Front 155

Myrna measured class level of students at her university, which has graduate programs, with these attributes: first-year, sophomore, junior, and senior. Which quality of measures does this measure lack?

Back 155

must be exhaustive

Front 156

Luke developed a measure of religious affiliation that included these attributes: Protestant, Baptist, Catholic, Jewish, Other, None. Which quality of measures does this measure lack?

Back 156

Must be mutually exclusive.

Front 157

Elmer worked hard to establish the meaning of the term "prejudice" for his study on students. He consulted the literature and colleagues who have studied prejudice in order to come to an agreement about what the term means. Elmer engaged in:

Back 157

conceptualization

Front 158

Theoretical creations that are based on observations but that cannot be observed directly or indirectly are known as:

Back 158

constructs.

Front 159

Marlinda developed three aspects for her concept love: communication, trust, and attraction. These aspects are known as:

Back 159

dimensions

Front 160

Miguel developed items to help determine the presence or absence of his concept love. These items are known as:

Back 160

indicators

Front 161

Larry has developed ten indicators for the concept alienation. He's not yet sure exactly which ones are best. One approach he takes is to see if all the indicators behave the same way when related to Larry's independent variable, gender. Larry is employing:

Back 161

interchangeability of indicators.

Front 162

Nora developed a definition of adjustment to college in such a way that this concept represented what researchers in the field have come to agree upon as the concept's meaning. Nora developed a:

Back 162

nominal definition.

Front 163

Are definitions are more or less problematic in explanatory research than in descriptive research?

Back 163

less

Front 164

Region (East, West, South, Midwest) is what level of measurement?

Back 164

nominal

Front 165

The main reason you need to know the level of measurement for your variables is so that:

Back 165

you will know which statistics to use.

Front 166

Monique developed a measure of religiosity and gave her instrument to her sample on two different occasions to see how reliable it was. Which type of reliability is reflected in this example?

Back 166

test-retest

Front 167

Monty used his ten-item scale on love to see how separate sets of five indicators correlated with each other. Which type of reliability is reflected in this example?

Back 167

split-half

Front 168

Nelson wanted to validate his measure of driver awareness. He did so by checking with the Department of Motor Vehicles a few years after giving his measure to young teens to see how many tickets they had received. Which type of validity does this example reflect?

Back 168

criterion-related

Front 169

Sophie developed a measure of job satisfaction. She validated her measure by seeing if it related to other variables that she logically expected to be related to job satisfaction. Which type of validity does this example reflect?

Back 169

construct

Front 170

t/f A ratio level of measurement can be represented as a nominal level of measurement, but a nominal level of measurement cannot be represented as a ratio level of measurement

Back 170

True

Front 171

t/f Real definitions are less useful than nominal and operational definitions.

Back 171

true

Front 172

t/f Definitions are more problematic in explanatory research than in descriptive research.

Back 172

false

Front 173

t/f Most of the concepts we want to study have a single, unambiguous meaning.

Back 173

false

Front 174

t/f The only feature differentiating ratio from interval levels of measurement is that the interval level measure has a true zero.

Back 174

false

Front 175

t/f Construct validity is also known as predictive validity.

Back 175

false, criterion

Front 176

t/f Quantitative, nomothetic, structured techniques tend to be more reliable, and qualitative, idiographic methods tend to be more valid.

Back 176

true

Front 177

t/f Whenever you are not sure how much detail to pursue in a measurement, it is better to go for the simpler measure than the more detailed one.

Back 177

false

Front 178

t/f Precision and accuracy are basically the same.

Back 178

false

Front 179

t/f Reliability ensures accuracy.

Back 179

false

Front 180

The level of measurement that applies to variables with attributes that can be logically rank-ordered is known as ________

Back 180

ordinal

Front 181

_____________is a feature of measures that concerns the fineness of distinctions made between the attributes that compose a variable

Back 181

precision

Front 182

A type of reliability measure in which the same measurement is taken more than once is known as__________.

Back 182

test-retest

Front 183

type of validity measure in which some external criterion is used to validate a measure is known as __________

Back 183

criterion validity.

Front 184

__________is the term given when we regard constructs as real

Back 184

reification