Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The lungs are surrounded by what two layers?
|
ANSWER: Visceral (next to lung) and Parietal Plurea(outside - mediastenum, diaphragm, thoracic wall)
|
|
|
What is the thin space between the visceral and parietal pleurea called?
|
ANSWER: Pleural cavity
|
|
|
The lungs contain many branching airways known as?
|
ANSWER: Bronchial Tree
|
|
|
What are the levels, from highest to lowest, of the bronchial tree?
|
ANSWER:
Main Bronchus Lobar Segmental Bronchial Terminal |
|
|
What part of the bronchial tree does NOT have cartilage to keep the airway open?
|
ANSWER: Bronchials contain more smooth muscle.
|
|
|
After the Bronchial tree, where does air go to?
|
ANSWER: Respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs.
|
|
|
Where does gas exchange occur?
|
ANSWER: Alveoli
|
|
|
The pulmonary arteries carry blood which is low in oxygen where?
|
ANSWER: From the heart to the lungs
|
|
|
Where are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged?
|
ANSWER: Alveoli
|
|
|
Blood leaves the capillaries via the pulmonary veins and transports oxygenated blood where?
|
ANSWER: To the heart.
|
|
|
Alveoli contain 3 types of cells, what are they?
|
Answer:
Simple Squamous (mainly) Alveolar Macrophage(eat bad stuff) Surfactant-secreting (grease me up!) |
|
|
Macrophage do what?
|
Answer: remove microbes
|
|
|
Surfactant secreting cells do what?
|
Answer: lowers surface tension, prevent alveolar collapse
|
|
|
The respiratory membrane is what?
|
Answer: A very thin membrane where gas exchange occurs - between alveolus and pulmonary capillary.
|
|
|
What is pulmonary ventilation?(aka breathing)
|
Answer: exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs. (travels from high air pressure to low air pressure)
|
|
|
How is pressure caused?
|
Answer: Pressure is caused by gas molecules striking the walls of a container.
|
|
|
What is Boyle's law?
|
Answer: Volume and pressure are inversely proportional.
Greater volume=less pressure, less volume=greater pressure. |
|
|
During quiet inspiration, what contracts?
|
Answer: The diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles contract.
|
|
|
What muscles contract during expiration at rest?
|
Answer: is a passive process and therefore the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are simply relaxing while the elastic lungs and thoracic wall recoil inward.
|
|
|
What sets of muscles contract during expiration while exercising?
|
Answer: internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
|
|
|
What factors influence the transfer of gases (list all 5).
|
Answer:
1. Surface Area 2. Concentration Gradient 3. Amount of Blood Flow 4. RBC count (hematocrit) 5. Volume of air moving in and out of the lungs |
|
|
What are the measurable components that vital capacity is it comprised of?
|
Answer: Vital Capacity = Tidal Volume + Inspiratory reserve volume(IRV) + Expiratory reserve volume(ERV)
|
|
|
What is the intrapulmonary pressure between breaths?
|
Answer: 760mmHg (sea level). This is generally referred to as ZERO.
|
|
|
During inspiration what happens to intrapulmonary pressure?
|
Answer: The intrapulmonary pressure is negative or BELOW atmospheric pressure, thus causing air to enter.
|
|
|
During expiration what happens to intrapulmonary pressure?
|
Answer: The intrapulmonary pressure is positive or ABOVE atmospheric pressure, thus causing CO2 to exit.
|
|
|
Intraplural pressure is always ______, which acts like a suction to to keep the lungs inflated.
|
Answer: Negative.
|
|
|
The negative intraplural pressure is due to three factors which are?
|
Answer:
1)Surface tension of alveolar fluid 2) Elasticity of lungs 3) elasticity of thoracic wall |
|
|
What will happen to the lung if you cut through the thoracic cavity?
|
Answer: The lung will collapse.
|
|
|
Air enters the pleural cavity as it moves from high pressure to low pressure, this is called what?
|
Answer: Pneumothorax
|
|
|
The pressure difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure that creates a suction to keep the lungs inflated is called what?
|
Answer: Transpulmonary pressure
|
|
|
What law states that each gas in a mixture has a partial pressure that is proportional to the percentage of that gas in the gas mixture? (therefore, if the PP of oxygen is higher in the blood than in the cells, it will diffuse from the blood into the cells)
|
Answer: Dalton's Law
|
|
|
When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure; this affects the movement of oxygen gas from the lungs into fluids in the tissues.
|
Answer: Henry's Law
|
|
|
What secretes mucus and antibacterial enzymes; traps dust, bacteria, and warms air during inspiration?
|
Answer: Nasal Cavity
|
|
|
What is commonly called the throat; air leaves the nose and enters here en route to the lungs?
|
Answer: Pharynx
|
|
|
What contains vocal cords that produce speech; called the voice box?
|
Answer: Larynx
|
|
|
What descends from the larynx as a single tube reinforced with cartilage rings before it divides to go to each lung?
|
Answer: Trachea
|
|
|
What major branches of the cartilage-reinforced tube that go to each lung called?
|
Answer: Bronchi
|
|
|
What is the terminal branches of the lungs where respiratory gas exchange occurs?
|
Answer: Alveoli
|
|
|
What two other factors play a role in ventilation?
|
Answer: Resistance and Lung Compliance (ease which lungs expand)
|
|
|
Histamine released during allergic reactions constricts bronchioles. What does this cause?
|
Answer: Increases airway resistance and thus making it harder to breath.
|
|
|
Epinephrine released by the adrenal medulla (during exercise) dilates bronchioles and does what?
|
Answer: Decreases airway resistance ensuring adequate gas exchange.
|
|
|
What two factors determine lung compliance?
|
Answer: Stretchability and surface tension.
|
|
|
What is a pathological condition in which increasing amounts of less flexible tissue develop and cause low lung compliance called?
|
Answer: Fibrosis
|
|
|
When premature infants do not produce surfactant, which leads to low lung compliance what is this called?
|
Answer: Respiratory distress syndrome
|
|
|
Air is made up of four gases, what are they?
|
Answer: Nitrogen (78%) Oxygen (20%), Carbon Dioxide & Water (both under 1%)
|
|
|
The partial pressure of Nitrogen, Oxygen, CO2 and Water are?
|
Answer: Nitrogen(Pn2=597), O2 (PO2=159), Water (Ph2O=3.5), CO2 (PCO2=0.3)
|
|
|
What happens to pressure at higher altitudes?
|
Answer: It decreases.
|
|
|
Which is more soluble, CO2 or O2?
|
Answer: CO2 (refers to Henry's law) is much more soluble.
|
|
|
When CO2 diffuses from pulmonary capillaries to alveoli and O2 diffuses from alveoli to into pulmonary capillaries is what?
|
Answer: External Respiration
|
|
|
When CO2 diffuses from CELLS into systemic capillaries and O2 diffuses from systemic capillaries into cells is what?
|
Answer: Internal Respiration
|
|
|
Efficient external respiration depends on 3 factors which are?
|
Answer:
Surface area/structure Partial Pressure alveolar airflow equalling pulmonary capillary blood flow |
|
|
What facilitates efficient gas exchange by maintaining alveolar airflow that is proportional to the pulmonary capillary blood flow?
|
Answer: Ventilation-perfusion coupling.
|
|
|
What respond to changes in PO2 during ventilation/perfusion coupling?
|
Answer: arterioles (they adjust for airflow of oxygen)
|
|
|
What responds to changes in PCO2 during ventilation/perfusion coupling?
|
Answer: bronchioles (they adjust for airflow of carbon dioxide)
|
|
|
Ventilation to alveolar is low. PO2 decreases, PCO2 increases. What happens with arterioles and bronchioles?
|
Answer: Arterioles constrict, bronchioles dilate
|
|
|
Internal Respiration depends on three factors which are?
|
Answer:
1 - Surface area 2 - Partial Pressure Gradient 3 - Rate of Blood flow |
|
|
How much of oxygen diffuses into plasma and how much diffuses into hemoglobin?
|
Answer: 1.5% plasma, 98.5% hemoglobin
|
|
|
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen increases as its saturation increases and is called what?
|
Answer: Cooperative binding
|
|
|
How is hemoglobin saturation determined?
|
Answer: By the partial pressure of oxygen
|
|
|
Hemoglobin saturation is altered by four other factors which are?
|
Answer:
Lower pH increased Temperature increased PCO2 increased BPG(biphosphate) |
|
|
At decreased temperatures, in the oxygen hemoglobin disassociation curve, what occurs?
|
Answer: Hemoglobin affinity for O2 is HIGHER. (so too for +pH, -PCO2, and -BPG)
|
|
|
In CO2 transport, how much is in plasma, how much in RBCs?
|
Answer: 7% plasma, 93% RBC.
|
|
|
In CO2 transport, in the RBC, what 2 things happen to CO2?
|
Answer: 23% attaches to hemoglobin, 70% converts to bicarbonate.
|
|
|
Where does carbohemoglobin form?
|
Answer: Regions of high PCO2
|
|
|
Oxygen loading facilitates carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin and is called what?
|
Answer: Haldane effect
|
|
|
Chemoreceptors monitor 3 things in homeostasis for control of respiration?
|
Answer: PCO2, PO2, and pH
|
|
|
The basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by respiratory centers in the _______ and _____ of the brainstem?
|
Answer: medulla and pons
|
|
|
The ________ send nerve impulses along the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm and along the intercostal nerves to the external intercostal nerves?
|
Answer: inspiratory neurons
|
|
|
The ___and____ receive input from other respiratory centers in the pons (which modify inspiration), and allow for smooth transition in inspiration/expiration
|
Answer: DRG and VRG (dorsal and ventral respiratory group)
|
|
|
What are the most important factors effecting ventilation?
|
Answer:
PCO2 PO2 of arterial blood pH |
|
|
What are the peripheral chemoreceptors?
|
Answer: aortic and carotid bodies
|
|
|
What is the most important factor controlling the RATE and DEPTH of breathing?
|
Answer: CO2
|
|
|
As CO2 increases, so does the number of hydrogen ions, which ____the pH
|
Answer: lowers
|
|
|
What will happen to the breathing rate and depth if arterial PCO2 increases?
|
Answer: Breathing increases
|
|
|
The peripheral chemoreceptors also respond to acids such as _____, which is produced during strenous exercise?
|
Answer: Lactic Acids
|
|
|
The peripheral chemoreceptors also monitor arterial PO2. It must drop below ____mmHg before they respond.
|
Answer: 60
|
|
|
What changes will occur when a person hyperventilates?
|
Answer: high pH and low CO2
|
|
|
What happens when a person HYPOventilates?
|
Answer: low pH, high CO2, & not enough oxygen
|
|
|
What four additional factors influence ventilation?(besides the usual?)
|
Answer:
Voluntary control pain/emotion pulmonary irritants(dust) lung hyperinflation (hering breuer reflex) |
|
|
When stretch receptors send inhibitory signals to the inspiratory neurons to protect against excessive stretching of the lungs is called?
|
Answer: Hering-breuer reflex
|
|
|
Which of the three changes have an impact during exercise?
PCO2 PO2 pH |
Answer: pH
|
|
|
What factors seem to stimulate increased ventilation during exercise?
|
Answer:
learned response receptors in muscles epinephine/noepinephrine |
|
|
Where does carbon dioxide reverse and disassociate from carbohemoglobin?
|
Answer: In the lungs (lower PCO2) from capillaries to alveoli and is exhaled.
|
|
|
In the plasma, what acts as an important buffer to control blood pH?
|
Answer: Bicarbonate Ions
|
