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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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three functions of the nose |
-filter, warm, humidify air inhaled -detects odors -serves as a resonating chamber (amplifies voice) |
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three folds of tissue of the nose |
-superior, middle, inferior -project from lateral walls towards the septum -meatus: narrow air passage beneath conchae -ensures most air contacts the mucous membrane in order to filter, warm, and moisten the air |
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olfactory epithelium |
-detects odor -ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium -immobile cilia bind odorant molecules |
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respiratory epithelium |
– Ciliatedpseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells -Cilia = motile –Goblet cellssecrete mucus; cilia propel mucus towardpharynx –Swallowed intodigestive tract |
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pharynx |
-muscular funnel from posterior nasal apertures to the larynx |
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three regions of the pharynx |
-nasopharynx -oropharynx -laryngopharynx |
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nasopharynx |
-Posterior tonasal apertures, above soft palate• -Receives auditorytubes & contains pharyngeal tonsil -90° downward turn traps large particles |
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oropharynx |
-Space betw/ softpalate & epiglottis -Contains palatinetonsils |
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laryngopharynx |
-Epiglottis tocricoid cartilage -Esophagus beginsat that point |
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nasopharynx vs oropharynx&laryngopharynx |
nasopharynx -passes ONLY air and the other two -pseudostratified columnarepithelium oropharynx&laryngopharynx: -stratifiedsquamous epithelium -pass air, food, and drink |
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larynx |
-voice box -cartilaginous chamber |
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function of larynx |
keep food and drink out of the air way phonation (production of sound) |
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epiglottis |
-flap of tissue that guards the superior opening of the larynx -at rest it is almost vertical -larynx moves upward when swallowing -tongue pushes epiglottis down to meet it -closes airway and directs food into the esophagus behind it -Vestibularfolds oflarynx play greater role in keeping food & drink out of airway |
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how many cartilages make up the framework of the epiglottis |
9 |
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first three cartilages of the larynx |
-epiglottic cartilage -thyroid cartilage -cricoid cartilage |
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epitglottic cartilage
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spoon-shapedsupportive plate in epiglottis; most superior |
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thyroid cartilage |
-largest,laryngeal prominence, shield-shaped -Testosteronestimulates growth in males (Adam’s apple) |
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cricoid cartilage |
-connectslarynx to trachea, ringlike |
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Bronchioles |
– Lack cartilage –< 1 mm diameter –Pulmonarylobule: portion of lung ventilated byone bronchiole –Ciliated cuboidalepitheliumWell-developed smooth muscle -Dividesinto 50-80 terminal bronchioles |
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respiratory bronchioles |
–Alveoli buddingfrom walls –Divide into 2-10 alveolarducts -End in alveolar sacs: clustersof alveoli arrayed around central space called atrium |
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Squamous (type 1) alveolar cells |
-Thin, broad cells- allow for rapid gas diffusion betw/ alveolus & blood -Cover 95% ofalveolus surface area |
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Great (typeII) alveolar cells |
-Round / cuboidalcells that cover remaining 5% of alveolar surface -Repair alveolar epithelium when squamous (type I) cellsdamaged -Secrete pulmonarysurfactantl |
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what is pulmonary surfactant |
–Phospholipids& proteins that coats alveoli; prevents them from collapsing duringexhalation |
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Alveolarmacrophages (dust cells) |
-Most numerous ofall cells in lung -Wander in &betw/ alveoli -Phagocytize dust particles -100 million dustcells perish each day as they ride up mucociliary escalator to be swallowed& digested |
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what is a tracheostomy |
-temporaryopening in trachea inferior to larynx; tube inserted to allow airflow -Preventsasphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction -Inhaled airbypasses nasal cavity, so not humidified - If left too long, mucousmembranes dry out, promoting infection |
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broncial tree |
-branching air tubes in each lung -From mainbronchus to 65,000 terminal bronchioles! |
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main (primary) bronchi |
-supportedby C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings |
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Lobar (secondary) bronchi |
supportedby crescent-shaped cartilage plates |
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Segmental (tertiary) bronchi |
same (plates) |
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what are the bronchial trees lined with |
ciliatedpseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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right lung |
-Shorter b/c ofliver -Three lobes—superior, middle, & inferior—separatedby horizontal & oblique fissure |
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left lung |
-Taller &narrower b/c heart tilts left -Indentation—cardiacimpression -Two lobes—superior & inferior separated bysingle oblique fissure |
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lung |
-conicalorgan w/ broad, concave base, resting on diaphragm; blunt peak called apexprojects slightly above clavicle |
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costal surface |
pressed against rib cage |
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mediastinal surface |
-faces medially towards the heart -hilum: slitthrough which lung receives main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, &nerves -root: of lung |
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adult male vocal cords |
-Usually longer& thicker -Vibrate moreslowly -Produce lower-pitched sound |
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what is loudness of voice determined by |
force of air passing through vocal cords |
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trachea |
-rigid tube about4.5 in. long & 1 in. in diameter -Anterior toesophagus -Supported by16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage –Reinforcestrachea; keeps it from collapsing during inhalationm |
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inner lining of the trachea |
-ciliatedpseudostratified columnar epithelium -Mucus-secretingcells, ciliated cells, & stem cells–Mucociliaryescalator: mechanism for debrisremoval -Mucus trapsinhaled particles -Upward beatingcilia drive mucus toward pharynx |
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two folds of the larynx |
-superior vestibular folds -inferior vocal cords |
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superior vesibular folds |
-No role in speech -Close larynxduring swallowing |
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inferior vocal cords |
-Produce soundwhen air passes betw/ them -Contain vocalligaments -Covered w/stratified squamous epitheliumGlottis—vocal cords & openingbetw/ them |
