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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Progressivism
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-reform movement in last quarter of 1800’s
-group united by common desire to improve life in the industrial age -want to make society more progressive -goals of limiting big business, social improvements through gov’t action -establish percent for more active role in fed. Gov’t |
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Progressive Presidents
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-first elected 1901- help give progressive movement nat’l momentum
- William Howard Taft (1909-1913) -Wilson (1913-1817) -WWI diverts attention away |
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Progressives
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-many groups including crusaders for women’s suffrage, protestant church leaders, union leaders
-mostly middle class residents like doctors, white collar workers -care about civic responsibilities like caring for poor, preserving American democracy, upholding morality -leaders include TR, Robert La Follette, William Jennings Bryant |
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Progressive Philosophy
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-commitment to democratic values and belief that honest government and just laws can improve human condition
-William James and John Dewey-> pragmatism- ppl should take a practical approach to morals, ideas, and knowledge-> progressives use this to challenged laissez-faire theories and corporations |
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Scientific management
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-Frederick W. Taylor
-progressives argue for a scientifically run, efficient government to run things |
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Muckrakers
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-scandalize people about conditions of factories and slums
-cater to middle class market who loved to be shcoekd |
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Origins of Muckraking
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Origins of Muckraking
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Magazines
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- McClure’s magazine- 1893- combines research with sensationalism- set standards for muckraking articles
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Books
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-Jacob Riis- How the Other Half Lives (1890)- criticize tenement conditions
-Lincoln Steffens’ The Shame of Cities (1904)- describe corrupt deals -Theodore Dreiser- The Financier and the Titan- portray greed and ruthlessness of industrialists -Fictional Frank Norris’- The Octopus and The Pit |
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Decline of Muckraking
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-stories get too sensational, it’s hard to top it
-banks and advertisers demand that newspaper’s tone it down -by 1910- companies make a public relation section |
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Progressive attitudes towards democracy
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-ppl should be allowed to vote because majority of leaders will pick honest ppl as opposed to corrupt officials nominated by bosses
-advocate for different methods to increase voter participation |
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Australian, or secret, ballot
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-voters mark choices within privacy of curtained booth
-by 1910 all states are this way |
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Direct primaries
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-1903- Robert LaFolette, govnor of Wisconsin, introduces way of directly electing presidential nominees, as opposed to convention with corrupt party bosses
-by 1910- all states adopt some form of this |
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Direct election of U.S. senators
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-progressives advocate for giving people majority vote to prevent Senate from becoming a Millionaire’s club
-1913- 17th amendment- all US Senators be elected by popular vote |
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Initiative
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-method voters could compel legislature to reconsider a bill
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Referendum
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-allow citizens to vote for proposed laws
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Recall
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-voters can remove a corrupt politician
-between 1889 and 1819- 20 mostly western states allow initiative and referendum, 11 offer recall |
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Social welfare
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-Jane Addams, Frances Kelly some of the leaders of social justice movements
-lobby successfully for better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized dicorce laws, safety regulations -also win parole, juvy facilities, limits on death penalty |
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Municipal reform
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-progressive leaders fight against city bosses and corrupt local businessmen
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Controlling public utilities
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-take public utilities out of private hands
-by 1915, 2/3 of nations’ cities owned their own water systems |
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Commissions and city managers
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-new types of municipal government
-commission plan of gov’t-> voters elect heads of city department -manager-council plan- expert manager hired by elected city council to direct work of city gov’t |
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State reform
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-reform governors battle corporate interests to give common people control of government
-NY- Charles Evans Hughes, CA- Hiram Johnson, WI- Robert LaFollette |
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Temprence and prohibition
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-reformers divided on this subject
-urban progressives generally don’t support this movement, whereas rural farmers do -by 1915- 2/3 state legislatures prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages |
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TR’s square deal
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-Roosevelt believes president should set legislative agenda for Congress
-helps get the progressive movement in high gear |
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Square deal for labor
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-TR favors square deal—on side of labor and business unlike 19th century presidents
-TR acts as a mediator for coal mining strike -voters love him, wins reelection in a landslide |
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Trust-busting
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-TR enforces Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 by busting Northern Securities Company’s monopoly in 1904
-TR breaks up Standard Oil and more than 40 large corporations -makes the distinction between “bad” (harm public and cut off competition) and “good” (provide efficiency and low prices) trusts |
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Railroad Regulation
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-TR helps pass laws that increase the regulatory powers of Interstate Commerce Commission to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers and to fix rates for railroads
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The Jungle
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-muckraking book by Upton Sinclair and describe in horrifying detail condition of Chicago meat packing industry
-galvanize public- lead to public outcry |
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Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
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-forbids manufacture, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled food and drugs
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Meat Inspection Act
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-federal inspectors must visit meatpacking plants to ensure quality of sanitation
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Forest Reserve Act of 1891
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-Roosevelt sets aside 150 million acres of federal land as a nat’l reserve under this law
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Newlands Reclamation Law (1902)
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-provide money from sale of public lands for irrigation projects in western states
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National Conservation Commission
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-1908- TR holds a White House conference on conservation, establishes this commission
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Taft’s Trustbusting
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-busts more than twice as many trusts as TR did, like U.S. steel
-establishes Bureau of Mines -Mann Elkins Act of 1910- give ICC power to suspend new RR rates -pass 16th amendment to collect an income tax on the wealthy |
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Payne-Aldrich Tariff
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Payne-Aldrich Tariff -Taft raises tariff in 1909 under this law, breaking a campaign promise
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Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy
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-After Gifford Pinchot, a popular Progressive conservationist, criticizes Sec. of Interior Richard Ballinger for opening Alaskan lands for private development, Taft fires Pinchot for insubordination
-progressives are angry at Taft |
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House Speaker Joe Cannon
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-Taft fails to support efforts to reduce powers of Congress’ leading conservative, Joe Cannon
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Midterm elections
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-Taft supports conservative candidates in the 1910 elections, which is a huge mistake because Progressivism is at its most popular
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Rise of the Socialist Party
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3rd party develops in 1900-1910 which advocates for more radical reforms than progressives: public ownership of RR, utilities, and major industries like oil and steel
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Eugene v. Debs
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-socialist party’s candidate
-former railway union leader who adopts socialism -critic of business and champion of labor |
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Socialists’ influence
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-progressives and socialists ally themselves on some issues like workers’ compensation and minimum wage
-however, Progressives don’t want to seem too radical, so they opt for milder reforms -peaks and 1912- get 6% of total presidential vote |
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Candidates in Election of 1912
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-Taft renominated, but many republicans split off and nominate Teddy Roosevelt for the Bull Moose party
-Dems nominate political newcomer Woodrow Wilson -Socialists for Eugene V. Debs |
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Campaign
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-election comes down to a battle between TR and Woodrow Wilson
-TR advocates for gov’t regulation, women’s suffrage, and social welfare programs -Woodrow Wilson pledges New Freedom- limit big business and government and end corruption and revive competition |
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Results
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-split Repubs, dems win easily
-Roosevelt’s New Nationalism- strong fed. Gov’t regulations to help the people has a lasting influence |
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Wilson’s Progressive program
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-believes president should lead Congress and sometimes appeal to people and rally support
-pledges to bring back conditions of free and fair competition |
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Underwood Tariff of 1913
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-passed on first day of Wilson’s presidency- substantially lower tariffs and gradually increases income tax
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Banking Reform
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-reform banking system and money supply
-make nat’l banking system with 12 district banks supervised by Federal Reserve Board -Americans use Federal Reserve Notes |
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Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
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-strengthened provisions in Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies
-exempt unions from being prosecuted as trusts |
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Federal Trade Commission
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-FTC empowered to investigate and take action against unfair trade practices in every industry except banking and transportation
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Federal Farm Loan act (1916)
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-12 regional federal farm loan banks established to provide farm loans at low interest rates
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Child Labor Act (1916)
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-prohibit shipment of products manufactured by children under 14
-found to be unconstitutional in 1918 Supreme Court case |
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Progressive Era and African Americans
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-Progressives mostly ignore African Americans, esp racist Wilson
-share prejudice of their times |
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Booker T. Washington’s approach at improving conditions of blacks
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-stress economics
-argue blacks should concentrate on learning industrial skills for better wages |
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W.E.B. du Bois
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-demand equal rights for African Americans
-argue that political and social rights were a prerequisite for economic independence |
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Urban migration
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-b/w 1910 and 1930- blacks begin to travel en masse to the cities in the north because of:
-deteriorating race relations -destruction of cotton crops -job opportunities when white workers were drafted in World War I |
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Niagara Movement
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-1905- Du Bois meets with black intellectuals in Niagara Falls, Canada to discuss a program of protests and action aimed at securing equal rights for blacks
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NAACP
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-1908, Du Bois, members of Niagara movement, and white progressives try to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for black children
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National Urban League
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-formed in 1911 to help people migrating from South to northern cities
-emphasize economic advancement and self-reliance |
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Women, Suffrage and the Progressive Movement
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-progressive era sees increase in activism and optimism
-older generation of Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton pass the torch -Wilson refuses to support women’s suffrage amendment until late into presidency |
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National American Woman Suffrage Association
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-Carrie Chapman Chat becomes president in 1900
-argues for vote to broaden democracy, empower women -try to win vote at state level before seeking national suffrage |
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Militant suffragists
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-Alice Paul breaks from NAWSA and takes to the street with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes
-go for national amendment -1916 forms National Woman’s Party |
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19th Amendment
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-1920
-guarantee women’s right to vote at all elections nat’l, local, and state levels -Carrie Chapman organizes League of Women voters dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and the issues |
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Historical Perspectives- progressives= reformers or conservative ppl acting against new trends?
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-many years, historians thought of progressives as reformers in the Jeffersonian, Jacksonian, and Populist traditions
-other historians view progressives as modernizers who wanted to apply rational methods to the operation of gov’t -some historians call progressives reactionary conservatives because they were very against labor strife, populist discontent -speculate motives of middle class ppl for movement- was it out of concern for the working class, or fear of socialist revolution, or to maintain leadership of societies -didn’t fold African Americans into agenda, after all—this seems more conservative -maybe they just had a social conscience |
