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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Branch of psychology that deals with the biological bases and mental processes
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Psychobiology
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Messengers cells that are backbone of the nervous system.
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Neurons
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short fibers that branch out from the neuron and pick up incoming messages
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Dendrites
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Single long Fiber extending from a neuron - carries outgoing messages
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Axons
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Groups of axons bundled together
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Nerve tract
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white fatty covering found on some axons. Protects messages and helps transfer messages faster
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Axons
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neurons that carry messages from sense organs to the spinal cord or brain
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Sensory neurons
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Neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord or brain to muscles or glands.
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Motor Neurons
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Neurons that carry messages from one neuron to another
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interneurons
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Cells that form the myelin sheath; insulate and support neurons by holding them togethe, removing waste, and protecting them from harmful substances
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Glial cells
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Electrically charged particles found both inside and outside the neuron. Usually negatively charged
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Ions
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electrical charge across a neuron membrane due to excess positive ions concentrated on the outside and excess negative ions on the inside
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resting potential-
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The condition of a neuron when the inside is negatively charged relative to the outside
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polarization
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The firing of a nerve cell
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Neural impulse
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principle that action potential in a neuron does not vary in strength. The neuron either fires at full strength or does not fire at all
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All or nothing law
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A period after firing when a neuron will not fire again in any circumstance
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absolute refractory period
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a period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming messages is stronger than usual
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Relative refractory period
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tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of the next
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Synaptic space (or cleft)
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Structure at the end of an axon terminal branch
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Terminal Button
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Area composed of the axon terminal of one neuron, the synaptic space and the dendrites or cell body of the next neuron
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Synapse
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The ability of the brain to change in response to experience
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Neural plasticity
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neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in aorusal attention memory and motivation. Associated with Alzimhers
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Acetylcholine
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Neurotransmitter associated with voluntary movement learning memory and emotions. Loss of this substance is associated with Parkison's
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Dopamine
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neurotransmitter involved with the regulation of sleep dreaming mood eating, pain, and Aggressive behavior. Implicated with depression
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Serotonin
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Neurotransmitter involved in the inhibition of pain
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Endorphine
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Division of the Nervous System that consists of the brain and spinal Cord
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Central Nervous System
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Division of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body
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Peripheral nervous system
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the process of production of new brain cells/ neurons
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neurogenesis
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Area containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum
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Hindbrain
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Structure in the hindbrain that controls certain reflexes and coordinates the body's movements
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Cerebellum
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region between the hindbrain and the forebrain; it is important for hearing and sight, and it is one of several places in the brain where pain is registered
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Midbrain
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Forebrain reigion that relays and translates incoming messages from sense receptors except for sense of smell.
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Thalamus
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Forebrain region that governs motivation and emotional responses
located below the thalamus |
Hypothalamus
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Network of neurons in thehindbrain the mid brain and part of the forebrain whose primary function is to alert and arouse the higher parts of the brain
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Reticular formation
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Ring of structures that play a role in learning and emotional behavior. specific parts govern memory formation and self preservation emotions
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Limbic system
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Outer surface of two cerebral hemispheres that regulates most complex behavior
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Cerebral cortex
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Areas of the Cerebral cortex where incoming messages from the separate senses are combined into meaningful impressions and outgoing messages from the motor areas are integrated
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association areas
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part of cerebral hemisphere that helps regulate hearing, balance and equilibrium and certain emotions and motivations
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temporal lobe
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area of the parietal lobe where messages from sense receptors are registered
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primary somatosensory cortex
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part of the cerbral cortex that is responsible for voluntary movement; it is also important for attention goal-directed behavior and appropriate emotional experiences
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frontal lobe
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section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement
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primary motor complex
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Part of the cerebral hemisphere that receive and interprets visual information
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occipital lobe
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Thick band of nerve fibers connecting the left and right cerebral cortex.
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Corpus Callosum
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Composed of all afferent or sensory neurons that carry information to the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles of the body All senses have origins in this and are guided by it
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Somatic nervous system
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Comprises all of the neurons that carry messages between the central nervous system and internal organs of the body. Crucial to body functions such as breathing digestion and circulation. Also has strong affects on the experience of different emotions.
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Autonomic nervous system.
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branch of the autonomic system; prepares the body for quick action in an emergency
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Sympathetic division
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Branch of the autonomic nervous system it calms and relaxes the body
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Parasympathetic Division
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Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the blood stream
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endocrine glands
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Chemical substances released by the endocrine glands; they help regulate bodily activities
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Hormones
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Endocrine Gland located below the voice box; produces the hormone thyroxin (which in turn regulates metabolism)
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thyroid gland
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four tiny glands embedded in the thyroid; secrete parathormone
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parahyroids
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Gland located roughly in the center of the brain that appears to regulate activity over the course of a day
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Pineal gland
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Organ lying between the stomach and small intestine; secrets insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels
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Pancreas
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gland located on the underside of the brain; produces the largest number of body hormones
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Pituitary gland
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2 endocrine glands located above the kidneys
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Adrenal glands
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study of the relationship between heredity and behavior
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Behavior genetics
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Subfield of psychology concerned with the origins of b thier adaptive avlue and the purposes they serve ehaviors and mental processes
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Evolutionary psychlogy
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Study of how traits are transmitted from one generation to the next
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genetics
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Elements that control the transmission of traits; found on chromosomes and composed of DNA
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Genes
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Pairs of threadlike bodies within the cell nucleus that contain genes
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Chromosomes
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Complex molecule in a double helix configuration that is the main ingredient of chromosomes and genes and forms the code for all genetic information
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DNA
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Full complement of genes within a human cell
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Human Genome
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Member of a gene pair that controls the appearance of a certain trait
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Dominant gene
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Member of a gene pair that can control the appearance of a certain trait only if it is paired with another of its kind and not in the presence of a dominant gene
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Recessive gene
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Studies of the heritabiity of behaviorial traits using animals that have been inbred to produce strains that are genetically similar to one another
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Strain studies
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studies that estimate the heritability of a trait by breeding animals with other animals that have the same trait
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Selection studies
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Studies of heritabiity in human based on the assumption that if gene influence a certain trait close relatives should be more similar on that trait than distant relatives
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family studies
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Studies of identical and fraternal twins to determine the relative influence of heredity and environment on human behavior
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twin studies
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Twins developed from a single fertilized ovum and therefore identical genetically
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Identical twins
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Twins developed from 2 separate fertilized ova and therefore different in genetic makeup
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Fraternal twins
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Research carried out on children adopted at birth by parents not related to them to determine the relative influence of heredity and environment on human behavior
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Adoption studies
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Mechanism produced by Darwin in his theory of evolution hwich states that organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive, transmitting their genetic characteristics to succeeding generations
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natural selection
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Fight or flight response
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Amygdala
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Measures Activity levels in the brain
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PET scan
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The sympathetic and parasympathetic are both parts of what?
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Autonomic system (in the peripheral nervous system)
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Hormones do what 2 things?-
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Organize Bodily activities, Activate and organize behaviors and development
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Scan that shows structure-
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MRI
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Broca's region of communication is associated with what?
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Speaking
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Wernickes region of communication is associated with what?
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listening
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Tiny sacs in a terminal button that release chemicals into the synapse
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Synaptic Vesicles
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chemicals released by the synaptic Vesicles that travel across the synaptic space and affect adjacent neurons
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Neurotransmitters
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A location on a receptor neuron into which a specific neurotransmitter fits like a key into a lock
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Receptor site
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Wraps around the axon on some neurons. Protects and speeds the action time of the neuron-
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Myelin sheath.
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The moving impulse that is fired
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Action potential
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allows scientists to create 3 dimensional images of a human brain without performing surgery using x-ray photography
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Computerized Axial tomography (CAT)
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attaches electrodes to the scalp which are linked by wires to a device that translates electrical activity into lines on a moving paper. These brain waves provide an index of both the strength and rhythm of mental activity.
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Electroencephalograph(EEG)
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surrounds the head with a magnetic field and exposes the brain to radio waves. Causes hydrogen atoms In the brain to release energy,
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Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) –
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uses radioactive energy to map brain activity. Person is injected with radioactive substance and then scanning afterward during mental activity. This helps scientists analyze where the neurons are firing to.
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Position emission tomography (PET)
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