Chapter 19 Ap Euro Vocab

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July 14th, 1789

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Bastille Day, The third Estate stormed the fortress to capture weapons. Done in protest of the tyranny of Louis XVI. Largest revolt, and symbolized fall of despotism

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The Bastille

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A royal armory/ fortress and prison

Symbol of despotism

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July 4, 1776

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The Second Continental Congress approved the final draft of the Declaration of Independence.

Officially stated America was free from British Rule

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Natural Rights

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Life, Liberty & Pursuit of Happiness

Main concepts behind Enlightenment ideals, and used in the American Declaration of Independence

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Yorktown

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1781, British General Cornwallis surrendered to a French/ American army marking the end of the American Rev. War

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The Constitution of 1789

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Twelve amendments proposed, only ten ratified. The Bill of Rights was added to the United States Constitution

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Bill of Rights

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The first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in March of 1789.

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The Marquis de Lafayette

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A French officer who fought in the American Revolution to hurt Britain. Came back to his nation to spread the ideals he learned, and became influential in the French Revolution.

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The First Estate

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The first estate is the Clergy. They own 10% of the land, and are exempt from taxation. They do pay a minimal contribution.

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Second Estate

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The Second Estate is the nobility, and owned a third of the land. Controlled industry in France, and divided by how they came to power. Nobles of the Robe are the ones who gained an office, Nobles of the sword earned nobility via ancestry. Exempt from tax

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The Taille

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France's Chief Tax

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The Third Estate

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Included everyone who wasn't a noble or a clergymen. Diverse in their level of education and how much money they had. Made 80% of the population, and were heavily taxed.

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The Bourgeoisie

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The middle class, often well to do, but did not hold the same rights as nobles

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French Parliments

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Councils that had the power of determining the taxation of France. Called the Estates General, they had not met since 1614

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Vote by Order or by Head?

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Main issue dividing the Estate's General. Third Estate had double the representation, and would win votes by head. First estate preferred voting by order- giving the advantage to the higher ranking estates.

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Abbe Sieyes

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Representative who issued a pamphlet called, "What is the Third Estate?" Called for the third Estate to become something, and recognized that the majority had little power.

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National Assembly

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The Third Estate was upset with the little voting power it had, and it responded by creating the National Assembly. Drew up its own legislative body with a unique constitution

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The Tennis Court Oath

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The Third Estate was locked out of the Estates-General and moved to the nearby tennis courts of Jeu de Paume to take an oath. They swore they would always stick together until they had fair representation.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

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Derived from the ideals of the American Revolution, it outlined the ideological foundation for the assembly's actions. Stated man's basic liberties as learned from major Enlightenment philosophers

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Olympe de Gouges

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Playwright who was angered that women were being excluded from politics. Penned the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen which argued women should have the same rights as men. She would be executed during the Reign of Terror due to her controversial beliefs

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"We are bringing back the baker...."

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Armed women marched to Versailles, demanded bread, and brought back wagonloads of grain along with King Louis XVI. On their march back to Paris, the women sang this song, referring to the King as the baker.

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Civil Constitution of the Clergy

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Catholic Church viewed as a pillar of the old order, and Church lands were taken due to the need of money. The Constitution secularized the church bishops and priests appointed by election. Made the Catholic Church the enemy of the state.

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The Jacobins

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Members of an extremely radical political club that was formed in the early stages of the Revolution. Opposed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, and formed over 900 clubs throughout France.

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Escape to Varnnes

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Louis XVI betrayed the trust of Bourgeois politicians. He attempted to flee France in 1791, but was recognized and captured near the border at the town of Varennes. The National Assembly, fearful of a Republic, pretended the king was kidnapped.

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Declaration of Pillnitz

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Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Fredrick William II of Prussia issued this declaration to get the rest of the European monarchs to help King Louis. They feared a similar revolution in their own countries, and needed the help of other nations to secure the French Monarchy. However, the powers distrusted each other too much for it to be put into affect.

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Paris Commune

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The municipal gov of Paris during the French Revolution. Ultra radical, and represented ordinary Paris commoners. It often overstepped the national gov. and promoted violence.

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Sans-Cullotes

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Meaning "Without Knee Britches" they were ordinary patriots lacking fine clothes. Representatives of the common people, wore trousers, the pants of the working man, as a political fashion statement. Believed in social and economic equality.

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Georges Danton

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A dominant leader of the sans-culottes and the Paris Commune, massacred presumed loyalists to the king. Part of the Mountain in the National Convention, and a leading member of the Committee of Public Safety, he became a leading figure in the revolution.

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National Convention

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The legislative body that hated the Monarchy and formed a Republic. Split between the Girondins and the Mountain due to disagreements on how to handle the King.

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Girondins

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Faction of National Convention named after the Southwestern French region its leaders were from. Believed in keeping the king alive as a hedge against future eventualities. Represented non-Parisians/countrymen

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Mountain

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Represented the interests of Parisians, and were so called Mountain because they sat in the tall slanted side of the convention hall. Sentenced the king to death after winning control

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The Vendee

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Region of France primarily opposed to the revolution. The National Convention lacked ruling power over the region, and a full out Counter Revolutionary war was started in the region. People of the Vendee fought for the old order and the Catholic Church, but were quickly put down. The terror was most violent in this region.

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Committee of Public Safety

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France was at war, and to prevent chaos, the National Convention appointed twelve members to administer the government effectively. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

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Maximilien Robespierre

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Leader of the Mountain, and member of the Jacobins, he pulled most of the strings of the Reign of Terror. Became ridiculously bloodthirsty in his quest to purify France. Ended up making everyone totally freak out, and end the terror by sticking Mr. Rumpelstiltskin in the Guillotine.

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Reign of Terror

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June 1793- July 1794 16,000 executed (believed to be up to 50,000). Anyone suspected as enemies of the Republic were executed, regardless of class.

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The Guillotine

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The main instrument of execution used in the Reign of Terror. Believed to be the most humane way of doing executions thanks to its quick and "painless" death.

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Law of General Maximum

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Committee of Public Safety established price controls on important goods. Typically placed of food, drink & clothing. Gov. didn't have any infrastructure to enforce this law, and it was often disregarded

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Temple of Reason

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The cathedral of Notre-Dame was designated the Temple of Reason during the de-Christianization process. Crazy people danced around in white dresses literally praying to Lady Liberty

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Toussaint L'Ouverture

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Sons of revolutionary slaves, helped continue the revolt in the French colony of San Domingue. Eventually seized control of Hispaniola. Played a critical role in spreading French Revolutionary ideals to what would become the free nation of Haiti. Captured and executed by the French

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Thermidorean Reaction

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Period of time around July, 1795 named after the Revolutionary Calendar month of Thermidorean. Less radical phase of the revolution, occurred after Robespierre was executed, and marks the end of the Reign of Terror. Committee of Public Safety came to an end, along with many Jacobin clubs. All religion allowed, and Churches were reopened. New constitution adopted creating a two chambered gov

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Directory

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Executive power of France, made up of five members who governed from 1795 to 1799. Weakened by angry Radicals and Royalists from both ends of the political spectrum. Too dependent on the military for survival.

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Gracchus Babeuf

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A total "babe" :P

Super radical dude who kept nagging at the Directory to instigate crazy socialist crap. Wanted the abolishment of private property and enterprise, and called the revolution a class war. Eventually people got sick of his BS, and his conspiracy to overthrow the gov. was crushed and he got executed

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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"Short" (Not really) Italian dude born in Corsica (He was Italian, not French). Rose super fast through the ranks of the French Army. Became a military genius who impressed his new nation with his slick leadership and victories in the Italian Campaign. His army got cornered by the British, and he fled to Paris to start a coup d' etat where he made himself Emperor of France

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Italian and Egyptian Campaigns

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Napoleon turned crap soldiers into an incredible fighting force that creamed the Austrians. He then was given an Army and told to be stupid and invade Britain. Instead, he tried to hurt the bloody wankahs with their trading routes in Egypt. However, the British Navy was too OP, and he went back to Paris.

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First Consul and Emperor

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After the coup of 1799, Napoleon changed the gov. so it was divided into three consuls. This essentially made him an all powerful dictator in the role of "First Consul". Everyone was cool with it, but were terrible at running the government. He already had all the power, but decided, heck, I get to be first Consul for life, why not be an emperor? Made himself Emperor to be Ironic

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The Concordat

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Napoleon was some form of Atheist, but was like, eyyyyy why the hate Pope? Made this agreement to win the people's hearts. Made the Catholic Church the religion of the majority, but kept freedom of religion. Napoleon still could appoint bishops, but pope could dispose them. Pope recognized the accomplishments of the revolution, and agreed to not dispute previously seized church lands

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The Civil Code

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Napoleon preserved the gains of the revolution by codifying laws. Recognized equality of all citizens before the law, rights of ppl to pick their own jobs, promoted toleration of religious beliefs, and abolished serfdom and feudalism. Left out the rights of women and slaves, and made fathers super powerful

Front 48

Germaine de Stael

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Wrote about how much she hated Napoleon (Possibly cuz she had a secret crush) Her books got banned, and was nicely exiled (instead of executed) to Germany where she complained about the strudel and Napoleon's noodle.

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Austerlitz

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Napoleon crushed a combined Russian/ Austrian force thanks to their stupid choice of battle terrain. Austria surrendered, and it forced Czar Alexander's retreat

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Trafalgar

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Tried to defeat the powerful British Navy, but Napoleon's French/Spanish fleet got totally blasted to bits in 1805. Made invasion of Britain impossible

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Fraternitie

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French concept of Nationalism, emphasizing the belief in brotherhood. The swag life of Frat bros was spread all over Europe, and other nations began hating Napoleon who was viewed as an oppressor.

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The Grand Army

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Napoleon decided to invade Russia with an incredibly large army made of 600,000 troops. Russians were forced on the retreat, but they burned all of their villages as they ran. This left the French without supplies, and the cold winter killed everyone. French army left with only 40k ppl

Front 53

Elba and Saint Helena

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Two separate islands that imprisoned Napoleon. The first time Napoleon was disposed, he was allowed to rule on Elba. He got bored, and escaped to the party town of Paris. He rallied another army where but lost at the battle of Waterloo. He was exiled for the second time on Saint Helena, where he died, leaving behind an ironically tall legacy :P