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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Endocrine system is composed of? |
Endocrine glands and endocrine cells |
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Do endocrine glands have ducts? |
No, they are ductless. |
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Endocrine glands secrete... |
Hormones |
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Hormones circulate via? |
Blood |
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Hormone characteristics |
* produced in small quantities * secreted into intercellular space (interstitial fluid) * transported via circulatory system * acts on target tissues elsewhere in the body * regulate activities of body structures |
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Functions of the endocrine system |
1. Regulation of metabolism 2. Control of food intake and digestion 3. Modulation of tissue development 4. Ion regulation 5. Water balance 6. Heart rate and blood pressure regulation 7. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients 8. Control of reproductive functions 9. Uterine contractions and milk release 10. Immune system regulation |
There are 10 functions listed |
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Major endocrine glands and tissues |
1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary 3. Pineal gland 4. Thyroid 5. Parathyroid (posterior part of thyroid) 6. Thymus 7. Adrenals 8. Pancreas (islets) 9. Ovaries (female) and testes (male) |
9 total: 3 in the brain, 2 in the neck, 1 in the chest, 2 in the stomach and 2 reproductive |
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Autocrine Chemical Messengers |
Released by cells and have a local effect on same cell type from which chemical signals released. (ex. prostaglandin) |
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Paracrine Chemical Messengers |
Released by cells and affect other cell types locally without being transported in blood. (ex. Somatostatin or histamine) |
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Neurotransmitter |
Produced by neurons and secreted into extracellular spaces by presynaptic nerve terminals; travels short distances; influences postsynaptic cells. (ex. acetylcholine) |
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Endocrine Chemical Messengers |
Type of intercellular signal produced by cells of endocrine glands, enter circulatory system and affect distant cells. (ex. Estrogen, Testosterone, ADH, Oxytocin) |
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Half-life |
The length of time it takes forhalf a dose of substance to be eliminated from circulatory system. |
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Long half-life |
Regulate activities that remain ata constant rate through time. Usually lipid soluble and travel in plasmaattached to proteins. Ex.Cortisol |
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Short half-life |
Water-soluble hormones as proteins,epinephrine, norepinephrine. Have a rapid onset and short duration. Ex.Epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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Humoral Control |
the action of a substance other than a hormone on an endocrine gland. |
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Neural Control |
by nervous system |
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Hormonal Control |
Control of secretory activity of one endocrine gland by hormone or neurohormone secreted by another endocrine gland. |
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Hormone secretion is regulated by what 3 methods? |
Humoral Control, Neural Control and Hormonal Control |
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Permissiveness |
one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present. ex. reproductive hormones need thyroid hormone to have effect. |
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Synergism |
more than one hormone produces same effects on target cell, causing amplification. ex. glucagon and epinephrine both cause liver to release glucose. |
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Antagonism |
one or more hormones oppose(s) action of another hormone. ex. insulin and glucagon |
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Examples of Lipid-soluble hormones |
all steroid hormones and thyroid hormone |
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Examples of Water-soluble Hormones |
all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone |
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Lipid-soluble Hormones Sources |
Adrenal Cortex, Gonads and Thyroid Gland |
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Water-soluble Hormones Sources |
All endocrine glands EXCEPT adrenal cortex, gonads and thyroid gland |
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Are Lipid-soluble or Water-soluble hormones stored in secretory vesicles? |
Water-soluble |
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How are Lipid-soluble hormones transported in blood? |
they are bound to plasma proteins |
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How are Water-soluble proteins stored in blood? |
they are usually free in plasma |
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What is the half-life of Lipid-soluble hormones in blood? |
Long (most need to be metabolized by liver) |
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What is the half-life of Water-soluble hormones in blood? |
Short (most can be removed by kidneys) |
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Where are Lipid-soluble hormone receptors located? |
Usually inside the cell |
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Where are Water-soluble hormone receptors located? |
On plasma membrane |
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What is the Lipid-soluble hormone mechanism of action at target cell? |
Activate genes, causing synthesis of new proteins |
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What is the Water-soluble hormone mechanism of action at target cell? |
Usually act through second-messenger systems |
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What is the Hypothalamus-pituitary complex? |
the "command center" of the endocrine system. It coordinates the messages of the endocrine and nervous system. |
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What is the hypothalamus? |
a structure of the diencephalon of the brain located anterior and inferior to the thalamus. |
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What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? |
Infundibulum (stalk-like) |
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What is another name for the pituitary gland? |
Hypophysis |
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The pituitary gland consists of an ______ and ______ lobe, with each lobe secreting different hormones in response to signals from the _________. |
anterior, posterior, hypothalamus |
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The pituitary gland has both _____ and _____ functions, producing and secreting many hormones. |
neural, endocrine It secretes several hormones that directly produce responses in target tissues and hormones that regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands |
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What is cradled within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone of the skull? |
the pituitary gland |
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The pituitary gland consists of 2 lobes that arise from distinct parts of embryonic tissue: ______ pituitary is neural tissue and _____ pituitary is glandular tissue that develops from the primitive digestive tract. |
posterior, anterior |
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What is another name for the posterior pituitary lobe? |
neurohypophysis |
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What is another name for the anterior pituitary lobe? |
adenohypophysis |
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